Higher ultraviolet radiation during early life is associated with lower risk of childhood type 1 diabetes among boys

Miller, Kate M; Hart, Prue H.; Lucas, Robyn; Davis, Elizabeth A.; Klerk, Nicholas de

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97469-z

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…There is also recent evidence that exposure to higher intensity of UV radiation during early life may protect from the development of type 1 diabetes—an autoimmune disease of the pancreas. In a data-linkage-based cohort study of 29,078 children in Western Australia (~ 6% of whom were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes by age 16), higher ambient (erythemally weighted) UV radiation was associated with reduced risk of developing type 1 diabetes, but only in males and only for UV radiation during the 3rd trimester and 1st year of life [ 248 ]. The authors concluded, assuming a causal association, that for every 100 kJ m −2 increase in total lifetime dose of ambient UV radiation dose, the relative risk of developing type 1 diabetes in males decreased by 29%.…”

Section: Benefits Of Exposure To Uv Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of exposure to solar radiation on human health

Neale

Lucas

Byrne

et al. 2023

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the Montreal Protocol under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) evaluates the effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human health within the context of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments. We assess work published since our last comprehensive assessment in 2018. Over the last four years gains have been made in knowledge of the links between sun exposure and health outcomes, mechanisms, and estimates of disease burden, including economic impacts. Of particular note, there is new information about the way in which exposure to UV radiation modulates the immune system, causing both harms and benefits for health. The burden of skin cancer remains high, with many lives lost to melanoma and many more people treated for keratinocyte cancer, but it has been estimated that the Montreal Protocol will prevent 11 million cases of melanoma and 432 million cases of keratinocyte cancer that would otherwise have occurred in the United States in people born between 1890 and 2100. While the incidence of skin cancer continues to rise, rates have stabilised in younger populations in some countries. Mortality has also plateaued, partly due to the use of systemic therapies for advanced disease. However, these therapies are very expensive, contributing to the extremely high economic burden of skin cancer, and emphasising the importance and comparative cost-effectiveness of prevention. Photodermatoses, inflammatory skin conditions induced by exposure to UV radiation, can have a marked detrimental impact on the quality of life of sufferers. More information is emerging about their potential link with commonly used drugs, particularly anti-hypertensives. The eyes are also harmed by over-exposure to UV radiation. The incidence of cataract and pterygium is continuing to rise, and there is now evidence of a link between intraocular melanoma and sun exposure. It has been estimated that the Montreal Protocol will prevent 63 million cases of cataract that would otherwise have occurred in the United States in people born between 1890 and 2100. Despite the clearly established harms, exposure to UV radiation also has benefits for human health. While the best recognised benefit is production of vitamin D, beneficial effects mediated by factors other than vitamin D are emerging. For both sun exposure and vitamin D, there is increasingly convincing evidence of a positive role in diseases related to immune function, including both autoimmune diseases and infection. With its influence on the intensity of UV radiation and global warming, the Montreal Protocol has, and will have, both direct and indirect effects on human health, potentially changing the balance of the risks and benefits of spending time outdoors. Graphical abstract

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Section: Benefits Of Exposure To Uv Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of exposure to solar radiation on human health

Neale

Lucas

Byrne

et al. 2023

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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“…In addition, other putative environmental modifiers of disease risk, coupled with genetic susceptibility, are proposed to increase the likelihood of developing T1D. For example, viral exposure, 6 lack of sunlight, 7,8 hygiene 9 and diet 10 have all been considered disease‐modifying risk factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerated onset of diabetes in non‐obese diabetic mice fed a refined high‐fat diet

Batdorf,

Lawes,

Cassagne

et al. 2024

Diabetes Obesity Metabolism

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AimType 1 diabetes results from autoimmune events influenced by environmental variables, including changes in diet. This study investigated how feeding refined versus unrefined (aka ‘chow’) diets affects the onset and progression of hyperglycaemia in non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice.MethodsFemale NOD mice were fed either unrefined diets or matched refined low‐ and high‐fat diets. The onset of hyperglycaemia, glucose tolerance, food intake, energy expenditure, circulating insulin, liver gene expression and microbiome changes were measured for each dietary group.ResultsNOD mice consuming unrefined (chow) diets developed hyperglycaemia at similar frequencies. By contrast, mice consuming the defined high‐fat diet had an accelerated onset of hyperglycaemia compared to the matched low‐fat diet. There was no change in food intake, energy expenditure, or physical activity within each respective dietary group. Microbiome changes were driven by diet type, with chow diets clustering similarly, while refined low‐ and high‐fat bacterial diversity also grouped closely. In the defined dietary cohort, liver gene expression changes in high‐fat‐fed mice were consistent with a greater frequency of hyperglycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance.ConclusionGlucose intolerance is associated with an enhanced frequency of hyperglycaemia in female NOD mice fed a defined high‐fat diet. Using an appropriate matched control diet is an essential experimental variable when studying changes in microbiome composition and diet as a modifier of disease risk.

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“…Through its effects on circadian rhythms, sunlight can influence the neuroendocrine system, cognitive function, and mood ( 4 ). Moreover, a large number of epidemiological studies have substantiated the correlation between sunlight exposure levels and a diminished risk of all-cause mortality ( 5 ), as well as various related diseases such as myopia ( 6 ), asthma ( 7 ), type 1 diabetes ( 8 ), autism ( 9 ), colorectal cancer ( 10 ), and Alzheimer’s disease ( 11 ). Additionally, a potential mechanism underlying the connection between sunlight and public health is the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the human skin into vitamin D. This process is essential for the vitamin D synthesis of the body ( 12 , 13 ), a deficiency of which can contribute to osteoporosis ( 14 ), multiple sclerosis ( 15 ), diabetes mellitus ( 16 , 17 ), cardiovascular diseases ( 18 ), sleep disorders ( 19 , 20 ), obesity ( 21 ), depression ( 22 ), and anxiety and cognitive impairment ( 23 , 24 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the sunlight exposure questionnaire

Wang,

et al. 2024

Front. Public Health

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ObjectiveThis study aimed to translate and validate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Philippines Sunlight Exposure Questionnaire.MethodsA total of 392 Chinese individuals aged at least 18 years, residing in various cities in Sichuan province for at least 1 year, were recruited. The reliability of the Chinese version of the questionnaire was measured through internal consistency, split-half reliability, and retest reliability, while validity was determined using the content validity index and the structure validity index.ResultsThe Chinese version of the Sunlight Exposure Questionnaire, which includes 19 items covering 5 factors, demonstrated McDonald’s omega coefficient of 0.788. The split-half reliability of the questionnaire was 0.823, and the retest reliability was 0.940. The content validity index (S-CVI) was 0.952. The five-factor structure, supported by eigenvalues, explained 66.2% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated favorable model fit.ResultsThe chi-square value degrees of freedom ratio (χ2/df) = 1.852, the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) = 0.938, the normed fit index (NFI) = 0.922, the incremental fit index (IFI) = 0.962, the comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.962, the Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) = 0.952, and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.047. The indicators of the fit of the model were within reasonable bounds.ConclusionThe Chinese version of the Sunlight Exposure Questionnaire shows validity and good reliability for assessing sun exposure among adults in a Chinese cultural context.

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Higher ultraviolet radiation during early life is associated with lower risk of childhood type 1 diabetes among boys

Cited by 5 publications

References 48 publications

The effects of exposure to solar radiation on human health

The effects of exposure to solar radiation on human health

Accelerated onset of diabetes in non‐obese diabetic mice fed a refined high‐fat diet

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the sunlight exposure questionnaire

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