Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed low birth weight infants

Fenton, Tanis R.; Premji, Shahirose; Al-Wassia, Heidi; Sauvé, Reg

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003959.pub3

Cited by 78 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The results suggest an association between higher protein provision in both hospital (9,10) and post-discharge (11) formulas and lower fat mass and higher lean mass after relatively short follow-up up to 1 y. The consistent evidence of these associations is still lacking (12,15). The results of our study could suggest an extension to the early protein hypothesis by proposing that in the light of present results and past literature the relations of early protein intake with body composition are nonlinear.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Among infants born preterm (<37 gestational weeks) or with low (LBW 12 ; <2500 g) or, in particular, very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500 g), protein requirements are relatively high, and the key goal was to attain these requirements with formula enrichments or, during early intensive care, with intravenous nutrition. Although there is some evidence of benefits with more healthy body composition #1 y of age (9)(10)(11), the long-term effects on body composition and cardiometabolic health are limited and contradictory (12)(13)(14)(15). In infants born at term, who have lower protein requirements, the discussion has centered on the early protein hypothesis that suggests that excess protein intake during infancy, by increasing weight gain in infancy, results in increased risk of obesity later in life (16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early Protein Intake Is Associated with Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Young Adults Born with Very Low Birth Weight

Matinolli

Hovi

Männistö³

et al. 2015

The Journal of Nutrition

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Protein Intake Is Associated with Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Young Adults Born with Very Low Birth Weight

Matinolli

Hovi

Männistö³

et al. 2015

The Journal of Nutrition

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“…In addition, preterm infants were often growth-restricted. Feeding them with calorie and protein-enriched formula milk might facilitate "catch-up" growth and improve development [52]. However, the preterm gut was very sensitive to enteral feeding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preterm Birth and Subsequent Risk of Acute Childhood Leukemia: a Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Huang¹,

Gao²,

Zhong³

et al. 2016

Cell Physiol Biochem

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Background: Preterm birth (PTB) has been recognized as a crucial long term risk factor for multiple non-communicable diseases. However, studies between the relationship of PTB and the risk of acute childhood leukemia have yielded inconclusive results. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to systematically review the current literature to investigate whether PTB is associated with increased risk of acute childhood leukemia. Methods: Three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE) were searched up to December 1st, 2015. Relevant studies reporting the association between PTB and subsequent risk of acute childhood leukemia were included for further evaluation. Statistical analysis was performed using Revmen 5.3 and Stata 10.0. Results: A total of 12 studies for acute childhood leukemia, eight studies for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and seven studies for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were included in the current meta-analyses. We calculated pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to evaluate the relationship between PTB and acute childhood leukemia as well as its two subtypes: ALL and AML. Our results suggested that PTB was significantly associated with increased risk of acute childhood leukemia (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.02-1.17, P = 0.01) and AML (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.21-1.67, P < 0.01). However, PTB was not significantly associated with an increased risk of ALL (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.96-1.13, P = 0.29). Conclusion: Our data showed that PTB increased the risk of AML. Further studies are required to explore causality and dissect the biological mechanisms involved.

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“…A Cochrane Review published earlier this year examined standard vs. lower protein intake in formula-fed low birth weight infants (42). Most of the infants included in the review were preterm; however, birth weight rather than gestational age was used as the inclusion criteria and ranged from <800 to 2499 g. The aim of that review was to determine whether higher ($3.0 g $ kg 21 $ d 21 but <4.0 g $ kg 21 $ d 21 ) vs. lower (<3.0 g $ kg 21 $ d 21 ) protein intake during the initial hospital stay of formula-fed preterm infants or low birth weight infants resulted in improved growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes without evidence of short-and longterm morbidity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials of Lower-Protein or Energy-Containing Infant Formulas for Use by Healthy Full-Term Infants

Abrams

Hawthorne

Pammi

2015

Advances in Nutrition

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Infant formulas have historically been developed based on providing macronutrients at intake concentrations approximately matching the composition of human milk. In most countries, targets of 1.4-1.5 g of protein/dL and 20 kcal/oz (67-68 kcal/dL) have been set as the protein and energy concentrations for formulas during the first year of life, although this may be an overestimation of these contents. Recent introduction of lower-protein and -energy formulas in full-term infants led us to systematically review the literature for its effects on growth. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, our inclusion criteria were studies that enrolled healthy full-term infants and evaluated lower-protein or lower-energy formula, reported anthropometric outcomes including weight and length, and followed infants for at least 6 mo. Six studies were eligible for inclusion. These studies varied in the content of nutrients provided in the intervention and control groups, by additional dietary components in the study groups, and the timing and length of the intervention, which limit their usefulness for interpreting newly introduced lower-protein and -energy formulas in the United States. These studies suggest adequate growth during infancy and early childhood with infant formulas with concentrations of protein and energy slightly below historical standards in the United States. Further long-term research is needed to assess the impact of the use of lower-protein and/or lower-energy products, especially for nutritionally at-risk populations such as preterm infants and infants who are born small for gestational age.

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Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed low birth weight infants

Cited by 78 publications

References 49 publications

Early Protein Intake Is Associated with Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Young Adults Born with Very Low Birth Weight

Early Protein Intake Is Associated with Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Young Adults Born with Very Low Birth Weight

Preterm Birth and Subsequent Risk of Acute Childhood Leukemia: a Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials of Lower-Protein or Energy-Containing Infant Formulas for Use by Healthy Full-Term Infants

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