“…System modeling and model parameter estimation are prerequisites for control systems analysis and design. [122][123][124][125][126] After years of development, many parameter estimation methods have been proposed for linear systems and nonlinear systems, [127][128][129][130][131] such as the least squares methods, the iterative methods, the maximum likelihood methods, [132][133][134] and the robust identification methods, 135,136 and so forth. Due to the fact that multivariable systems can better describe the characteristics of actual industrial process objects than scalar systems, research on parameter estimation methods for multivariable systems has received widespread attention in recent years, and a series of research results have been achieved.…”