Highly conductive and permselective anion exchange membranes for electrodialysis desalination with series-connected dications appending flexible hydrophobic tails

Dual-Side-Chain-Grafted Poly(phenylene oxide) Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel-Cell and Electrodialysis Applications

“…(a) Fuel-cell peak power density of PPO-based AEMs in this work in comparison with that reported in the literature; ,,,,,− (b) current efficiency of the electrodialysis in this work compared with that reported in the literature. ,,− …”

“…After seven runs of desalination, the current efficiency could still be maintained at 91.82% (the η retention after various electrodialysis runs is shown in Figure 9d; the conductivity of the NaCl solution in the dilute cell after various electrodialysis runs is shown in Figure S17). The desalination durability was rarely reported in the literature, and our η retention was at a similar level compared with the result reported by Li et al 7 Compared with other reported AEMs for desalination, 7,48,61−70 the current efficiency of the 3QA16C16-3O16 membrane is at a higher level (as shown in Figure 8b).…”

“…With the development of renewable energy technology, electrochemical energy conversion devices such as fuel cells, − redox flow batteries, , electrodialysis, − and water electrolysis , have gradually become the focus of research. As an important component in the above electrochemical devices, the ion exchange membrane plays a crucial role in ion conduction and electrode separation Although proton exchange membranes (PEMs) such as Nafion have good ionic conductivity, their electrochemical devices mostly rely on the use of a precious metal catalyst; they also suffer from high fuel or electrolyte crossover.…”

Series-Connected Tetracation Partially Cross-Linked Anion Exchange Membranes: Insight towards Consequences of Alkyl Spacer Length

“…The commensurate in-plane and out-of-plane bending vibrations of the aromatic C–H group are detected at 1020 and 854 cm –1 , respectively. , Absorption bands at 1185 and 1305 cm –1 are associated with symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations of C–O–C linkage, respectively . The stretching vibrations of the aromatic C–H bond are found at 3034 cm –1 , whereas alkyl C–H stretching vibrations are observed at 2926 and 2853 cm –1 in both PPO and Br-PPO . In addition to characteristic absorption bands of PPO, an additional absorption band at 987 cm –1 is observed in the Br-PPO spectrum ascribed to C–Br stretching, which is indicative of bromination reaction on PPO …”

“…The intensely growing demand and undersupply of freshwater have resulted in water crisis, reinforcing that freshwater supply is one of the crucial global challenges even though more than 70% of the earth’s surface is covered with water. − The latest statistics forecasted that over 2 billion people are subjected to high water stress, and it is also ascertained that two-thirds of the world’s population (∼4 billion people) experience severe water scarcity for at least 1 month in a year . Therefore, to look forward to high-efficiency technologies for water resource recovery, water recycling for steady supply of freshwater and pollutant treatment became worldwide concerns. , Presently, reverse osmosis (RO) is most commonly used method for water desalination . Nevertheless, reverse osmosis is still constrained due to membrane fouling and high brine concentration of RO waste and its proper treatment or disposal .…”