Highly Efficient and Flexible Scintillation Screen Based on Manganese (II) Activated 2D Perovskite for Planar and Nonplanar High‐Resolution X‐Ray Imaging

Abstract

power. [1] X-ray detection technology, as a derivative of its own special properties, plays a key role in multiple applications, including medical radiography, safety surveillance, industrial flaw inspection, and scientific research. [2][3][4] Especially for the global pandemic of Corona Virus Disease 2019, X-ray radiograph and computed tomography scan were employed as rapid and accurate autodetection methods to reveal abnormal lung indications for disease diagnosis. [5] Modern X-ray detectors with the advantages of digital image processing, massive storage capability, data sharing have almost replaced the traditional film-based detectors. Currently, two available schemes were adopted for X-ray detection: direct-detection based on semiconductor materials operating in currentto-current mode, [6][7][8] and indirect-detection based on scintillators working in photonto-current mode. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Indirect-detection type X-ray detectors occupy the majority of the market share because of their relatively low-cost and stability. [11,16] As the core component of the detector, scintillator is capable of converting X-ray into ultraviolet (UV)/visible light that can be collected by a sensor array (such as photomultiplier tube, [14] multipixel photon counter, [15] charge-coupled device, [16] and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor). [17,18] Development over the decades has witnessed the emergence of various scintillators, which were classified according to their own characteristics to fit the demands of different occasions. Yet several issues and limitations still remain. For example, needle-like column CsI (Tl) crystals were commonly used as mainstream products in X-ray imaging applications, due to their large X-ray conversion efficiency, high light yield, and low light-crosstalk. [19,20] Their limitation lies in the high-cost caused by the complicated and time-consuming vacuum fabrication procedures. [21,22] Plastic scintillators, consisting of embedded or coated with scintillation materials, have the advantages of mechanical plasticity, fast decay time, and remarkable radiation resistance. They may seem to be economical alternatives to conventional inorganic scintillation crystals. [23,24] However, they are plagued by relatively low density, weak radioluminescence (RL) emission and poor thermal stability. Since the wide range X-ray imaging technology covers a wide range of applications in the medical, industrial, and scientific research fields. Highly sensitive, flexible, and cost-effective scintillation screens are of great importance for X-ray imaging applications. In this paper, manganese (II) activated 2D butylammonium lead bromide perovskite, namely BA 2 PbBr 4 :Mn (II), is demonstrated as a highly efficient and low-cost X-ray scintillator. The appropriate amount of Mn (II) dopant can act as an activator for achieving the optimization of luminescence performance through efficient energy transfer. This produces a large Stokes shift thus almost eliminates the effect of self-absorption. As ...

In Situ Fabrication of Cs3Cu2I5: Tl Nanocrystal Films for High-Resolution and Ultrastable X-ray Imaging

“…X-rays are quite common in modern life and play an increasingly vital role in high-energy physics, nondestructive flaw detection, medical imaging, and other fields. − At the hardware level of advanced medical imaging, the investigation of scintillators with balanced performance is a significant area. Experimental results and commercial applications have proven that metal halides, such as halide perovskites and some rare earth-doped materials, possess excellent scintillation properties. − In 2018, Chen et al reported the scintillation properties of CsPbBr 3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) and demonstrated their applications in solution-processed high-resolution X-ray imaging . In the meantime, Im et al.…”

Intense broadband radioluminescence from an Mn2+-doped aluminoborate glass scintillator

“…Depending on the ligand field strength of the local host environment, d-d electron transition from transition metal ions, in particular, ions such as Mn 2+ , can provide broadband and tunable visible photoemission upon ultraviolet (UV) excitation, 33 offering a great opportunity for generating radioluminescence in inorganic optical materials for novel scintillators. Mn 2+ -activated scintillators with efficient radioluminescence are rarely reported, 5,23,[34][35][36][37] and there is no report on Mn 2+ -activated novel glass scintillators to our best knowledge.…”

Halogen‐content‐dependent photoluminescence of Mn2+‐doped CsPbCl3 nanocrystals

“…Doping of transition metal Mn 2+ ions into perovskite (Mn 2+ ‐doped perovskite) NCs with PL QYs of ∼ 60% were first reported by Son's group 8 and Klimov's group 9 in 2016. The Mn 2+ ‐doped CsPbCl 3 NCs can produce a bright orange‐red Mn 2+ emission with a large Stokes shift which improves the stability of the host NCs while lowering toxicity 8–20 ; thus received wide research attention recently for exploring their various potential applications, typically, as phosphor materials applied in white LEDs, and as scintillators applied in fast neutron and/or X‐ray imaging 12,17,19 …”

“…7 Doping of transition metal Mn 2+ ions into perovskite (Mn 2+ -doped perovskite) NCs with PL QYs of ∼ 60% were first reported by Son's group 8 and Klimov's group 9 in 2016. The Mn 2+ -doped CsPbCl 3 NCs can produce a bright orange-red Mn 2+ emission with a large Stokes shift which improves the stability of the host NCs while lowering toxicity [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] ; thus received wide research attention recently for exploring their various potential applications, typically, as phosphor materials applied in white LEDs, and as scintillators applied in fast neutron and/or X-ray imaging. 12,17,19 For CsPbCl 3 NCs, the deep-level chloride vacancy (V Cl )type defects are in the middle levels within the band gap, which capture the electrons or holes to cause a nonradiative recombination, reducing the radiative recombination of carriers and weakening their optical quality.…”

“…The Mn 2+ -doped CsPbCl 3 NCs can produce a bright orange-red Mn 2+ emission with a large Stokes shift which improves the stability of the host NCs while lowering toxicity [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] ; thus received wide research attention recently for exploring their various potential applications, typically, as phosphor materials applied in white LEDs, and as scintillators applied in fast neutron and/or X-ray imaging. 12,17,19 For CsPbCl 3 NCs, the deep-level chloride vacancy (V Cl )type defects are in the middle levels within the band gap, which capture the electrons or holes to cause a nonradiative recombination, reducing the radiative recombination of carriers and weakening their optical quality. 1,21 Besides, previous reports indicated that passivation of surface V X with ligands or various metal chlorides could effectively reduce the electron-poor deep traps of V Cl to improve the PL QYs of CsPbX 3 NCs.…”