Highly Efficient and Scalable p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Poly-metallocene Interfaces

Abstract

Inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are easy to process but need improved interface characteristics with reduced energy loss to prevent efficiency drops when increasing the active photovoltaic area. Here, we report a series of poly ferrocenyl molecules that can modulate the perovskite surface enabling the construction of small-and large-area PSCs. We found that the perovskite−ferrocenyl interaction forms a hybrid complex with enhanced surface coordination strength and activated electronic states, leading to lower interfacial nonradiative recombination and charge transport resistance losses. The resulting PSCs achieve an enhanced efficiency of up to 26.08% for small-area devices and 24.51% for large-area devices (1.0208 cm 2 ). Moreover, the large-area PSCs maintain >92% of the initial efficiency after 2000 h of continuous operation at the maximum power point under 1sun illumination and 65 °C.

Performance analysis of perovskite solar cell in presence and absence of defects

“…This difference is due to the solar cell being illuminated from the HTL side, resulting in a higher concentration of free charge carriers near the HTL/perovskite interface. The increased concentration of free charge carriers leads to an excess of generated electrons, which are more likely to recombine with trapped holes at the HTL/perovskite front interface [32].…”