Highly efficient antibiofilm and antifungal activity of green propolis against Candida species in dentistry materials

Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of green propolis extract on the adhesion and biofilm formation of Candida species in dentistry materials. Phytochemical analysis of green propolis extract was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Adhesion was quantified by counting the number of yeast cells adherent to dental material fragments in a Neubauer chamber. Biofilm formation was determined by counting colony-forming units recovered from dental material fragments. The intensity of biofilm adhesion was classified as negative, weak, moderate, strong, or very strong. Fifteen compounds, mainly flavonoids, were identified in green propolis extract. All strains adhered to and formed biofilms on the surfaces of the orthodontic materials studied. On steel and resin, yeast cell adhesion intensities were weak at all incubation times, except for those of Candida parapsilosis and C. tropicalis, which were moderate at 12 h. At 24 and 48 h, C. albicans formed biofilms on steel with moderate adhesion affinities; at 24 and 48 h, C. parapsilosis formed biofilms with very strong affinities. C. tropicalis formed biofilms with strong and very strong affinities at 24 and 48 h, respectively. On resin, all species displayed strong affinity for biofilm formation at 24 and 48 h, except for C. tropicalis, which displayed very strong affinity at only 48 h. Green propolis extract displayed antifungal activity and inhibited both adhesion and biofilm formation at 2.5 μg/mL. This study reinforces the idea that green propolis has antifungal activity and interferes with the virulence of Candida species.

Activity of antifungal drugs and Brazilian red and green propolis extracted with different methodologies against oral isolates of Candida spp.

“…However, Tobaldini-Valerio and collaborators [72] observed that green propolis effectively affected the biofilm formation by C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis, but in a species-and strain-dependent manner. In another study, similar results were obtained for green propolis, and the biofilm Sokolonski et al BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2021) 21:286 formation by C. albicans was significantly more reduced when compared to C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis [73]. In our work, the majority of the RP_EtOH concentrations tested were able to reduce biofilm formation (more than 80%) in the three species tested herein.…”

“…In our work, the majority of the RP_EtOH concentrations tested were able to reduce biofilm formation (more than 80%) in the three species tested herein. Most studies had tested the ability of propolis to act on the already formed biofilm [73][74][75], but as the CDC advises [76], the best way to fight resistant infections is through prevention. Thus, propolis can be used to prevent colonization on abiotic surfaces and in infections by resistant Candida spp.…”

Antifungal Properties of Chemically Defined Propolis from Various Geographical Regions

“…It should be emphasized that the number of studies on the evaluation of the effects of propolis in vulvovaginal candidiasis (opportunistic fungal infection) is increasing [25,27,71,72]. New trends in antifungal research of propolis include also assessment of anti-candidal activities i.e., in orthodontic materials (green propolis) [73], dental surface (red propolis) [61,74], in treatment of chronic periodontitis (red propolis) [75], in caries (Brazilian and European propolis) [53]. The third research area is endemic and rare diseases.…”

Propolis in Oral Healthcare: Antibacterial Activity of a Composite Resin Enriched With Brazilian Red Propolis

“…It is known that the antibacterial activity of propolis may vary depending on seasonality because the presence and concentration of its markers are related with the season, which in turn influences the production of secondary metabolites by the botanical origin of propolis (Regueiro et al, 2017;do Nascimento et al, 2019). The use of propolis on technological development in dentistry and oral health has been frequent because it is a nontoxic raw material, with traditional use in natural medicine and that shows some known pharmacological activities as antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and wound healing (Koo et al, 2002;Freires et al, 2016;Oliveirados et al, 2017;de Carvalho Furtado et al, 2018;Bezerra et al, 2020;da silva Barboza et al, 2021). It has been reported in scientific literature the use of propolis on development of varnish (De Luca et al, 2014;Neto et al, 2020), toothpaste (Wiatrak et al, 2017;Peycheva et al, 2019), total-etching adhesive system (Porto et al, 2021), cavity cleaning agent (Celerino de Moraes Porto et al, 2018) and endodontic irrigant (Parolia et al, 2021).…”

“…Propolis has been used in dentistry and oral healthcare due to its pharmacological properties and absence of toxicity ensured even by its use in traditional medicine ( Sforcin and Bankova, 2011 ; da silva Barboza et al, 2021 ; Zulhendri et al, 2021 ). Among the possibilities of propolis use in dentistry and oral healthcare are: in inhibition of adhesion and biofilm formation of Candida species in dentistry materials ( Bezerra et al, 2020 ), on development of endodontic irrigants ( Parolia et al, 2021 ), on development of varnishes ( De Luca et al, 2014 ), on development of total-etching adhesive system ( Porto et al, 2021 ), as cavity cleaning agent ( Celerino de Moraes Porto et al, 2018 ), on mouthwash development ( Santiago et al, 2018 ), on gel formulation development ( González-Serrano et al, 2021 ) and on oromuco-adhesive films development ( Arafa et al, 2018 ).…”