We carried out temperature-dependent (20 -550 K) measurements of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering on LaCoO3 to investigate the evolution of its electronic structure across the spin-state crossover. In combination with charge-transfer multiplet calculations, we accurately quantified the renomalized crystal-field excitation energies and spin-state populations. We show that the screening of the on-site Coulomb interaction of 3d electrons is orbital selective and coupled to the spin-state crossover in LaCoO3. The results establish that the gradual spin-state crossover is associated with a relative change of Coulomb energy versus bandwidth, leading to a Mott-type insulator-to-metal transition.PACS numbers: 75.30. Wx, 71.70.Ch, 78.70.En The orbital degree of freedom of an electron characterizes the shape of the electron cloud and its wave function. It plays an essential role in the physics of phase transitions in solids via the coupling of charge, spin and lattice degrees of freedom, even in the presence of strong Coulomb interactions, for example, as in Mott insulators. The spatial redistribution of the electron cloud as a function of an external parameter such as temperature often manifests as co-operative phenomena leading to a metal-insulator transition [1], orbital ordering [2, 3], nematic transition [4,5], spin-state transition [6-10], etc. These results in exotic properties like superconductivity, quantum criticality, colossal magnetoresistance, etc. As the Coulomb interaction is a key to Mott physics [11][12][13][14], one fundamental question in correlated electron systems with orbital degrees of freedom is: how do the Coulomb correlations change dynamically through the rearrangement of the electronic distribution? This is usually beyond the scope of even multi-orbital model Hamiltonians in which the Coulomb interaction parameters are considered inflexible. An important theoretical advance in this direction is the role of orbital selective screening [15]. The effective Coulomb interaction for t 2g electrons was shown to be significantly reduced due to efficient e g electron screening, providing an improved understanding of LaMO 3 (M = 3d transition metals from Ti to Cu) series of perovskite oxides. This concept of the screened on-site Coulomb interaction has been developed recently using the constrained random-phase-approximation technique [16][17][18].In this Letter, we exploited resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) to investigate spin-orbital excitations in LaCoO 3 and to measure its spin-state populations and the renormalized crystal-field excitations across the spinstate transition. an ideal candidate to examine the role of orbital selective screening of Coulomb interactions as a function of temperature. We found that the spin-state crossover is driven by the thermal excitation of high-spin (HS) states and accompanied by the reduction in effective Coulomb energy and an increase of covalency, culminating in an effective Coulomb-energy-vs-bandwidth type insulator-tometal transition.arXiv:1708.044...