“…32 Nitrogendoped porous carbon electrocatalysts have a high specific surface area, which is helpful for exposing more active sites, providing faster channels for reactant diffusion and electrocatalyzing the 2e À ORR more effectively. 26,[28][29][30][31] However, regardless of whether the nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials are prepared using hard templates, 33,34 soft templates 35 or template-free methods, the catalyst synthesis processes are complicated, 29,36 which will increase the cost of practical applications. Moreover, before using carbon-based materials like graphene, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and so on, it is usually necessary to pretreat the carbon materials with dangerous strong acids or bases, such as the well-known Hummers' oxidation method.…”