Highly Efficient Lithium Extraction from Brine with a High Sodium Content by Adsorption-Coupled Electrochemical Technology

Sun, Ying; Wang, Yunhao; Liu, Yang; Xiang, Xu

doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c02442

Cited by 60 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…4f). When data are reported, the average number of cycles is fewer than 10 (that is, <100 h) 83,[131][132][133][134][135] . For the different LiMn 2 O 4 -based ion exchange systems, Li + adsorption capacity is reduced by 17.2% after 50 cycles 136 , 2.5% after 5 cycles 52 and 43% after 30 cycles 137 , pointing to the importance of medium-term to long-term stability tests.…”

Section: Scaling-up Requirements and Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental impact of direct lithium extraction from brines

Vera

Torres

Galli

et al. 2023

Nat Rev Earth Environ

217

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Evaporitic technology for lithium mining from brines has been questioned for its intensive water use, protracted duration and exclusive application to continental brines. In this Review, we analyse the environmental impacts of evaporitic and alternative technologies, collectively known as direct lithium extraction (DLE), for lithium mining, focusing on requirements for fresh water, chemicals, energy consumption and waste generation, including spent brines. DLE technologies aim to tackle the environmental and techno-economic shortcomings of current practice by avoiding brine evaporation. A selection of DLE technologies has achieved Li + recovery above 95%, Li + /Mg 2+ separation above 100, and zero chemical approaches. Conversely, only 30% of DLE test experiments were performed on real brines, and thus the effect of multivalent ions or large Na + /Li + concentration differences on performance indicators is often not evaluated. Some DLE technologies involve brine pH changes or brine heating up to 80 o C for improved Li + recovery, which require energy, fresh water and chemicals that must be considered during environmental impact assessments. Future research should focus on performing tests on real brines and achieving competitiveness in several performance indicators simultaneously. The environmental impact of DLE should be assessed from brine pumping to the production of the pure solid lithium product. Sections Lithium mining from continental brinesAs of 2022, worldwide, there are eight full-scale active facilities that produce lithium compounds from continental brines 9 and more are likely to become active before 2030 (Fig. 1a). The evaporitic technology (Fig. 1b) is currently in use at seven of those facilities 18,19 . Brines are Key points• Fresh water consumption of direct lithium extraction (DLE) needs to be urgently quantified. Many DLE technologies might require larger freshwater volumes than current evaporative practices, compromising their applicability in arid locations.• Environmental monitoring guidelines have been drafted with evaporitic technology in mind, but they should also be applied to the implementation of any DLE technology, which still consumes brine, uses fresh water and produces residues, the latter two hopefully at considerably lower volumes.Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author selfarchiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Section: Scaling-up Requirements and Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental impact of direct lithium extraction from brines

Vera

Torres

Galli

et al. 2023

Nat Rev Earth Environ

217

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“…More recently, in 2021, another MCDI cell was assembled using LMO as the positive electrode, and an AC electrode cover with an anion exchange membrane. [292] Studying this device, Su et al reported 51.8 mg Li g −1 of lithium recovered when treating a brine with a high Na content (675 mg Li+ L −1 Na/Li ratio = 48.6), thanks to the use of carbon-coated manganese oxide.…”

Section: Membrane-cdi Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Lithium Recovery from Water Resources: From Passive to Electrochemical Methods

et al. 2022

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The ever-increasing amount of batteries used in today's society has led to an increase in the demand of lithium in the last few decades. While mining resources of this element have been steadily exploited and are rapidly depleting, water resources constitute an interesting reservoir just out of reach of current technologies. Several techniques are being explored and novel materials engineered. While evaporation is very time-consuming and has large footprints, ion sieves and supramolecular systems can be suitably tailored and even integrated into membrane and electrochemical techniques. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the available solutions to recover lithium from water resources both by passive and electrically enhanced techniques. Accordingly, this work aims to provide in a single document a rational comparison of outstanding strategies to remove lithium from aqueous sources. To this end, practical figures of merit of both main groups of techniques are provided. An absence of a common experimental protocol and the resulting variability of data and experimental methods are identified. The need for a shared methodology and a common agreement to report performance metrics are underlined.

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“…Currently, a variety of methods for Li + extraction from salt lakes have been developed, including lime-soda evaporation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, adsorption, membrane method, and electrochemical extraction. − Lime-soda evaporation has been used in mass production; however, this method suffers from some major issues, e.g., low efficiency, high energy consumption, and long time consumption. , Ion exchange has high selectivity for Li + ; however, this method raises environmental concerns owing to the acid wash procedure for regeneration of ion-exchange absorbents. − Solvent extraction is suitable for treating brine with a high magnesium–lithium ratio; however, plenty of organic solvents are used in this process, causing environmental pollution. , Ion-sieve adsorption presents excellent selectivity for Li ions; however, this method still has some drawbacks, such as the risk of environmental pollution, slow adsorption rates, and poor recyclability. Membrane separation is a pure physical separation operation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Performance of a Ni, Co-Doped LiMn₂O₄ Electrode for Lithium Extraction from Brine

et al. 2023

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Electrochemical extraction of Li + from salt lakes has the characteristics of high efficiency and low energy consumption, now becoming a research hotspot. The asymmetric lithium capacitor composed of de-lithiated Li 1−x Ni 0.025 Co 0.025 Mn 1.95 O 4 (LNCMO) and activated carbon is used as a system for electrochemical recovery of Li + . The consequence of cyclic voltammetry shows that lithium-ion diffusion is a process control step and Ni, Co doping is beneficial to improving the diffusion of lithium ions in the low-potential oxidation process and high-potential reduction process. The discharge capacity of LNCMO during a 50-cycle process is 122 mAh g −1 with a retention rate of 97.93% at 1 C, which is higher than that of the LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO)/AC system (107 mAh g −1 with a retention rate of 83.92%), proving that Ni, Co doping restrains the disproportionation reaction of LMO and increases the Li + diffusion coefficient of LMO, leading to a higher capacity and better cycle performance in brine. In 30 mM LiCl solution, the Li + extraction capacity of 1.86 mmol g −1 is obtained with an energy of 3.97 Wh mol −1 Li + under the optimal extraction conditions (i = 0.75 mA, T = 20 min). After 15 times of Li + insertion/extraction in simulated brine/recovery solution, the purity of the recovery solution reached 94.59%, indicating that the LNCMO/activated carbon system has good selectivity for Li ions and stability.

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Highly Efficient Lithium Extraction from Brine with a High Sodium Content by Adsorption-Coupled Electrochemical Technology

Cited by 60 publications

References 71 publications

Environmental impact of direct lithium extraction from brines

Environmental impact of direct lithium extraction from brines

Recent Advances in the Lithium Recovery from Water Resources: From Passive to Electrochemical Methods

Improved Performance of a Ni, Co-Doped LiMn₂O₄ Electrode for Lithium Extraction from Brine

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Highly Efficient Lithium Extraction from Brine with a High Sodium Content by Adsorption-Coupled Electrochemical Technology

Cited by 60 publications

References 71 publications

Environmental impact of direct lithium extraction from brines

Environmental impact of direct lithium extraction from brines

Recent Advances in the Lithium Recovery from Water Resources: From Passive to Electrochemical Methods

Improved Performance of a Ni, Co-Doped LiMn2O4 Electrode for Lithium Extraction from Brine

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Improved Performance of a Ni, Co-Doped LiMn₂O₄ Electrode for Lithium Extraction from Brine