Highly efficient metal salt catalyst for the esterification of biomass derived levulinic acid under microwave irradiation

Huang, Yao‐Bing; Yang, Tao; Cai, Bo; Chang, Xin; Pan, Hui

doi:10.1039/c5ra24305j

Cited by 52 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Initially, different metal salt catalysts were selected for the transesterification of soybean oil, which were proved to exhibit different acidic strength in the previous work . The reaction temperature and time for the model reactions were 130 o C and 30 min, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Efficient and Recyclable Metal Salt Catalyst for the Production of Biodiesel: Toward Greener Process

et al. 2017

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A highly reactive and recyclable metal catalyst was reported for the transesterification of model vegetable oil with methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) under microwave condition. Among the screened catalysts, Al2(SO4)3 provided the highest FAME yield of 98.1 % at 130 oC within 30 min. Different reaction parameters were fully investigated which were found to have great influences on the product yields. Microwave energy showed a remarkable accelerated reaction rate as compared to that from the conventional oil heating way. The catalytic system also showed good tolerance to water and free fatty acids. The catalyst can be easily recovered through a simple extraction/evaporation, which still posed good reactivity in the recycling runs. The characters of the obtained biodiesel was also characterized. Mechanistic studies revealed that the hydrolysis of the metal salt to generate the corresponding cationic and acidic species were responsible for the good catalytic activity of the reaction.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Efficient and Recyclable Metal Salt Catalyst for the Production of Biodiesel: Toward Greener Process

et al. 2017

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“…Although significant advances have been made on the development of metal salt catalytic systems for the production of furfural, the reported metal salt catalysts have been almost exclusively based on chloride salts. In our previously reported studies, sulfate salts such as Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 demonstrated high reactivities that were even better than chloride salts for biomass‐derived alcoholysis/esterification reactions, owing to their good Lewis and Brønsted acidity in methanol solution. These results encouraged us to further investigate their reactivities for the conversion of xylan into furfural in a biphasic solvent system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into Aluminum Sulfate‐Catalyzed Xylan Conversion into Furfural in a γ‐Valerolactone/Water Biphasic Solvent under Microwave Conditions

et al. 2017

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A simple and efficient biphasic system with an earth-abundant metal salt catalyst was used to produce furfural from xylan with a high yield of up to 87.8 % under microwave conditions. Strikingly, the metal salt Al (SO ) exhibited excellent catalytic activity for xylan conversion, owing to a combination of Lewis and Brønsted acidity and its ability to promote good phase separation. The critical role of the SO anion was first analyzed, which resulted in the aforementioned characteristics when combined with the Al cation. The mixed solvent system with γ-valerolactone (GVL) as the organic phase provided the highest furfural yield, resulting from its good dielectric properties and dissolving capacity, which facilitated the absorption of microwave energy and promoted mass transfer. Mechanistic studies suggested that the xylan-to-furfural conversion proceeded mainly through a hydrolysis-isomerization-dehydration pathway and the hexa-coordinated Lewis acidic [Al(OH) (aq)] species were the active sites for xylose-xylulose isomerization. Detailed kinetic studies of the subreaction for the xylan conversion revealed that GVL regulates the reaction rates and pathways by promoting the rates of the key steps involved for furfural production and suppressing the side reactions for humin production. Finally, the Al (SO ) catalyst was used for the production of furfural from several lignocellulosic feedstocks, revealing its great potential for other biomass conversions.

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“…Long cycle stability counted for heterogeneous catalyst, while the separation was still proved to be difficult in industry [21]. It is essential to minimize energy consumption for all processes of separation.…”

Section: Contents Lists Available At Sciencedirectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sr doping magnetic CaO parcel ferrite improving catalytic activity on the synthesis of biodiesel by transesterification

Zhang

Shi

Liu

et al. 2016

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Highly efficient metal salt catalyst for the esterification of biomass derived levulinic acid under microwave irradiation

Abstract: The esterification of the biomass derived platform molecule, levulinic acid, to its alkyl levulinates was carried out over metal salt catalysts under microwave condition, which achieved near-quantitative product yields in a few minutes.

Cited by 52 publications

References 34 publications

Highly Efficient and Recyclable Metal Salt Catalyst for the Production of Biodiesel: Toward Greener Process

Highly Efficient and Recyclable Metal Salt Catalyst for the Production of Biodiesel: Toward Greener Process

Insight into Aluminum Sulfate‐Catalyzed Xylan Conversion into Furfural in a γ‐Valerolactone/Water Biphasic Solvent under Microwave Conditions

Sr doping magnetic CaO parcel ferrite improving catalytic activity on the synthesis of biodiesel by transesterification

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