Highly elevated carbon monoxide concentrations in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere at northern midlatitudes during the STREAM II summer campaign in 1994

Waibel, A.; Fischer, H.; Wienhold, F. G.; Siegmund, P.; Lee, B.; Ström, Johan; Lelieveld, J.; Crutzen, Paul J.

doi:10.1016/s1465-9972(99)00027-6

Cited by 42 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Further evidence for troposphere-tostratosphere transport in midlatitude convective complexes was obtained from airborne in-situ measurements of O 3 , NOy, CO and H 2 O by Poulida et al (1996). Convective injection of biomass burning debris from large scale boreal fires into the lowermost stratosphere was demonstrated by Waibel et al (1999), Fromm et al (2000) and Siebert et al (2000). Although Hauf et al (1995) and Ström et al (1999) demonstrated that deep convection can pump boundary layer air without significant dilution to the tropopause region, experimental verification that this air directly influences the lower stratosphere is still limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…4 shows altitude profiles of these tracers and potential temperature. CH 4 and CO were measured by infrared absorption spectroscopy using the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry tuneable diode laser spectrometer TRIS-TAR (Wienhold et al, 1999) with a total uncertainty of 10% and 12%, respectively. The DLR provided O 3 measurement based on fast response UV absorption (total uncertainty 5%), NO measurements by chemoluminescence (total uncertainty 5%), and gas phase NOy measurements (total uncertainty 15%) via conversion of its single components to NO within a heated gold tube in the presence of CO as reducing agent (Ziereis et al, 2000).…”

Section: Meteorological Situationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deep convective injection of boundary layer air into the lowermost stratosphere at midlatitudes

et al. 2003

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Abstract.On 22 August 2001 a measurement flight was performed with the German research aircraft FALCON from Sardinia to Crete as part of the Mediterranean Oxidant Study (MINOS). Cruising at 8.2 km, the aircraft was forced to climb to 11.2 km over the southern tip of Italy to stay clear of the anvil of a large cumulonimbus tower. During ascent into the lowermost stratosphere in-situ measurements onboard the FALCON indicated several sharp increases in the concentrations of tropospheric trace gases, e.g. CO, acetone, methanol, benzene and acetonitrile, above the anvil. During one particular event deep in the stratosphere, at O 3 concentrations exceeding 200 ppv, CO increased from about 60 to 90 ppv, while the concentration of acetone and methanol increased by more than a factor of 2 (0.7 to 1.8 ppv for acetone; 0.4 to 1.4 ppv for methanol). Enhancements for the short lived species benzene are even higher, increasing from 20 pptv in the stratosphere to approx. 130 pptv. The concentrations during the event were higher than background concentrations in the upper troposphere, indicating that polluted boundary layer air was directly mixed into the lowermost stratosphere.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Meteorological Situationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep convective injection of boundary layer air into the lowermost stratosphere at midlatitudes

et al. 2003

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“…In some cases, pollutants originating from Canadian forest fires have even been detected over Europe. This is due to lifting into high altitudes by pyroconvection prior to horizontal advection over the North Atlantic Ocean (Fiebig et al, 2003;Waibel et al, 1999). In the standard version of GEOS-Chem (Goddard Earth Observing System with Chemistry), pyrogenic emissions are released at the model surface (Mu et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of plume rise on the concentrations and atmospheric impacts of biomass burning aerosol

et al. 2016

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Abstract. We quantified the effects of the plume rise of biomass burning aerosol and gases for the forest fires that occurred in Saskatchewan, Canada, in July 2010. For this purpose, simulations with different assumptions regarding the plume rise and the vertical distribution of the emissions were conducted. Based on comparisons with observations, applying a one-dimensional plume rise model to predict the injection layer in combination with a parametrization of the vertical distribution of the emissions outperforms approaches in which the plume heights are initially predefined. Approximately 30 % of the fires exceed the height of 2 km with a maximum height of 8.6 km. Using this plume rise model, comparisons with satellite images in the visible spectral range show a very good agreement between the simulated and observed spatial distributions of the biomass burning plume. The simulated aerosol optical depth (AOD) with data of an AERONET station is in good agreement with respect to the absolute values and the timing of the maximum. Comparison of the vertical distribution of the biomass burning aerosol with CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) retrievals also showed the best agreement when the plume rise model was applied. We found that downwelling surface short-wave radiation below the forest fire plume is reduced by up to 50 % and that the 2 m temperature is decreased by up to 6 K. In addition, we simulated a strong change in atmospheric stability within the biomass burning plume.

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“…Fromm and Servranckx (2003) analyzed satellite observations of the Chisholm fire plume and showed that it resulted in injection of smoke into the lower stratosphere. The number of such reports from different years suggests that severe pyro-convection 5262 G. Luderer et al: Modeling biomass smoke injection into the LS (Part II) with subsequent stratospheric injection is not a singular event but rather a fairly common phenomenon in boreal regions (Fromm et al, , 2000(Fromm et al, , 2005Waibel et al, 1999;Jost et al, 2004). Hence, biomass burning emerges as an additional, previously underestimated source of aerosol and trace gases to the UT/LS region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of biomass smoke injection into the lower stratosphere by a large forest fire (Part II): sensitivity studies

et al. 2006

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Abstract. The Chisholm forest fire that burned in Alberta, Canada, in May 2001 resulted in injection of substantial amounts of smoke into the lower stratosphere. We used the cloud-resolving plume model ATHAM (Active Tracer High resolution Atmospheric Model) to investigate the importance of different contributing factors to the severe intensification of the convection induced by the Chisholm fire and the subsequent injection of biomass smoke into the lower stratosphere. The simulations show strong sensitivity of the pyroconvection to background meteorology. This explains the observed coincidence of the convective blow-up of the fire plume and the passage of a synoptic cold front.Furthermore, we performed model sensitivity studies to the rate of release of sensible heat and water vapor from the fire. The release of sensible heat by the fire plays a dominant role for the dynamic development of the pyro-cumulonimbus cloud (pyroCb) and the height to which smoke is transported. The convection is very sensitive to the heat flux from the fire. The emissions of water vapor play a less significant role for the injection height but enhance the amount of smoke transported beyond the tropopause level.The aerosol burden in the plume has a strong impact on the microphysical structure of the resulting convective cloud. The dynamic evolution of the pyroCb, however, is only weakly sensitive to the abundance of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) from the fire. In contrast to previous findings by other studies of convective clouds, we found that fire CCN have a negative effect on the convection dynamics because they give rise to a delay in the freezing of cloud droplets. Even in a simulation without fire CCN, there is no precipitation formation within the updraft region of the pyroCb. EnCorrespondence to: G. Luderer (gunnar@mpch-mainz.mpg.de) hancement of convection by aerosols as reported from studies of other cases of convection is therefore not found in our study.

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Highly elevated carbon monoxide concentrations in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere at northern midlatitudes during the STREAM II summer campaign in 1994

Cited by 42 publications

References 28 publications

Deep convective injection of boundary layer air into the lowermost stratosphere at midlatitudes

Deep convective injection of boundary layer air into the lowermost stratosphere at midlatitudes

The importance of plume rise on the concentrations and atmospheric impacts of biomass burning aerosol

Modeling of biomass smoke injection into the lower stratosphere by a large forest fire (Part II): sensitivity studies

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