Highly enhanced mechanical properties in natural rubber prepared with a nanodiamond nanomatrix structure

Gannoruwa, Asangi; Sumita, Masao; Kawahara, Seiichi

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2017.08.025

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In previous work, nanomatrix structure was successfully formed in natural rubber through graft‐copolymerization of monomer in latex stage. The resulting material was found to consist of rubber particles as dispersoid and the graft‐polymer as nanomatrix surrounding the particle . We may apply this procedure to design nanomatrix structure in hydrogenated natural rubber provided that the graft‐copolymerization of hydrogenated natural rubber was carried out in latex stage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 Therefore, the formation of nanomatrix structure, which is recognized to significantly improve the properties of the polymer, is the new strategy to achieve not only thermal resistance and weather resistance but also mechanical properties. [3][4][5] "Nanomatrix structure" is a new structure that consists of a major component as the dispersoid and a minor component as the matrix. 6,7 In previous work, nanomatrix structure was successfully formed in natural rubber through graft-copolymerization of monomer in latex stage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The resulting material was found to consist of rubber particles as dispersoid and the graft-polymer as nanomatrix surrounding the particle. 5,8,9 We may apply this procedure to design nanomatrix structure in hydrogenated natural rubber provided that the graftcopolymerization of hydrogenated natural rubber was carried out in latex stage. In addition, it is necessary to remove the proteins naturally present in natural rubber latex in order to suppress a side reaction with proteins during the graft-copolymerization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation of hydrogenated natural rubber with nanomatrix structure

Nguyen

Viet

Tran

et al. 2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Hydrogenated deproteinized natural rubber (HDPNR) with nanomatrix structure was prepared through graft‐copolymerization of acrylonitrile and styrene onto HDPNR particle in latex stage. Structural characterization of the resulting materials through nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that acrylonitrile and styrene were grafted onto HDPNR. The weather resistance, thermal properties, mechanical properties, storage modulus, and morphology of the resulting materials were investigated in comparison with those of HDPNR. The obtained result indicated that the graft‐copolymerization of HDPNR with hydrogenation conversion of 60 mol% attained the highest grafting efficiency. Thermal resistance and storage modulus of HDPNR‐graft‐poly (styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (HDPNR‐g‐SAN) were superior compared with those of HDPNR and deproteinized natural rubber. This was attributed to the nanomatrix formed in HDPNR‐g‐SAN, which was confirmed through a transmission electron microscope. Ribbed smoked sheet natural rubber exhibited the outstanding mechanical properties and weather resistance when it was mixed with HDPNR‐g‐SAN.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation of hydrogenated natural rubber with nanomatrix structure

Nguyen

Viet

Tran

et al. 2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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“…The nanodiamond–natural rubber film contains about an 80 w/w% toluene‐insoluble fraction (i.e., gel fraction), while natural rubber, itself, contains about a 30 w/w% gel fraction 44. In addition, the gel content of nanodiamond–natural rubber film prepared with TBHP/TEPA was higher than that prepared without TBHP/TEPA, as shown in Table S1, Supporting Information 32. The increase in the gel content is attributed to the chemical linkages between nanodiamonds and natural rubber (i.e., the rubber bond).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Here, we use natural rubber, which exhibits typical rubber elasticity as entropic elasticity, and nanodiamond with a graphite‐like surface, which radically reacts with the rubber 31,32. Nanodiamonds may become chemically linked using natural rubber as a rubber bond when they radically react with each other in the presence of peroxide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanodiamond Glass with Rubber Bond in Natural Rubber

Kawahara

Gannoruwa

Nakajima

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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Nanodiamond glass is an amorphous solid consisting of nanodiamond as a nanoparticle. The several-nm-space between the nanodiamonds is filled with a medium that reversibly deforms and recovers. Hence, nanodiamonds linked in the medium are arranged in several-nm intervals. To prepare the nanodiamond glass, nanodiamonds are dispersed as inorganic nanoparticles with highly reactive functional groups into natural rubber as an incompressible medium exhibiting reversible deformation and recovery. Nanodiamond glass can be distinguished from nanodiamond-filled rubber, which exhibits ordinary entropic elasticity. Natural rubber particles dispersed in water (i.e., latex) are used to prepare nanodiamond glass, chemically embed nanodiamonds onto the surface of the natural rubber particles, and subsequently attach the surfaces together to achieve close packing of the nanodiamonds. Increasing the modulus of natural rubber constrained in the nanospaces ensures the energetic elasticity of nanodiamond glass. This work demonstrates that nanodiamond glass with energetic elasticity is a new research field.

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Comparative study of the microstructure of solid rubber from Ficus carica and Hevea brasiliensis

Yokota-Imai

Chida

Suzuki

et al. 2021

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Natural rubber from Hevea brasiliensis (Hb) is known to have a characteristic network structure, with branch points formed by minor nonrubber components such as proteins and phospholipids that connect the major rubber component, cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene chains. However, the structure of solid rubber from Ficus carica (Fc) is not well known. In this study, we examined the microstructure and protein composition of solid rubber from Fc. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of Fc solid rubber revealed that the nonrubber components formed a nonuniform framework in the rubber matrix, and that many rubber particles were fused together. We determined that ficin, a cysteine endoproteolytic protease, was a major protein in the Fc rubber. It appears that ficin degrades the proteins associated with rubber particles rather than acting as a protein connecting the cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene chains in Fc rubber. We also found that a macrogel fraction, which separated after the dissolution of Hb solid rubber in toluene, was absent in the Fc solid rubber. These results suggest that there are no proteinous branch points in Fc rubber. Furthermore, size exclusion chromatography with multiangle light scattering (SEC‐MALS) analysis of the transesterified rubber demonstrated that no branch points composed of phospholipids were involved in Fc rubber. On the basis of our results, we propose a microstructure for the rubber particles in Fc solid rubber and discuss the relationship between the microstructure and the structure of the rubber chains within it.

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Highly enhanced mechanical properties in natural rubber prepared with a nanodiamond nanomatrix structure

Cited by 24 publications

References 31 publications

Preparation of hydrogenated natural rubber with nanomatrix structure

Preparation of hydrogenated natural rubber with nanomatrix structure

Nanodiamond Glass with Rubber Bond in Natural Rubber

Comparative study of the microstructure of solid rubber from Ficus carica and Hevea brasiliensis

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