Highly neurotic never-depressed students have negative biases in information processing

Chan, Stella W. Y.; Goodwin, Guy M.; Harmer, Catherine J.

doi:10.1017/s0033291707000669

Cited by 166 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…Recollection bias is not only found in depressed subjects, but also in never-depressed individuals that are for example neurotic (Chan et al, 2007) or family members of MDD patients (Jaenicke et al, 1987). In the light of these findings, it is therefore possible that those of our healthy subjects with more risk factors for depression are also more likely to report negative life events due to recollection bias, resulting in an overestimation of the effect of life events when not correcting for PANAS scores.…”

Section: Negative Moodmentioning

confidence: 80%

Sex Modulates the Interactive Effect of the Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism and Childhood Adversity on Hippocampal Volume

Everaerd

Gerritsen

Rijpkema

et al. 2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The common genetic variation of the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) has been related to depressive symptoms, in particular after stressful life events. Although it has been investigated in the past, results suggesting that the 5-HTTLPR genotype also affects hippocampal volume are often inconsistent and it remains unclear to what extent reduced hippocampal volume is influenced by the effect of stressful life events and 5-HTTLPR genotype. Moreover, sex, which is known to affect the prevalence of depression substantially, has not been taken into account when trying to disentangle the interactive effect of common genetic variation and environmental stressors on the hippocampus. We investigated this potentially relevant three-way interaction using an automatic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based segmentation of the hippocampus in 357 healthy individuals. We determined the 5-HTTLPR genotype as a biallelic locus and childhood adversity (CA) using a standard questionnaire. An interaction for hippocampal volume was found between the factors sex, genotype, and severe CA (p ¼ 0.010) as well as an interaction between genotype and severe CA (p ¼ 0.007) in men only. Post hoc tests revealed that only male S'-allele carriers with severe CA had smaller hippocampi (p ¼ 0.002). Interestingly, there was no main effect of genotype in men, while female S'-allele carriers had smaller hippocampi than L'L' carriers (p ¼ 0.023). Our results indicate that sex modulates the interactive effect of the 5-HTTLPR genotype and CA on hippocampal volume. While the S'-allele is associated with hippocampal volume independent of CA in women, men only have smaller hippocampi if they carry the risk allele and experienced severe CA.

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Section: Negative Moodmentioning

confidence: 80%

Sex Modulates the Interactive Effect of the Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism and Childhood Adversity on Hippocampal Volume

Everaerd

Gerritsen

Rijpkema

et al. 2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Emotional dysfunction is related to vulnerability to major depression. 65,67 Further studies should investigate how brain structure and function as well as how clinical and epidemiological characteristics of this disease are associated.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orbitofrontal volume reductions during emotion recognition in patients with major depression

Scheuerecker

Meisenzahl

Koutsouleris

et al. 2010

jpn

109

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311Background: Major depressive disorder is associated with both structural and functional alterations in the emotion regulation network of the central nervous system. The relation between structural and functional changes is largely unknown. Therefore, we sought to determine the relation between structural differences and functional alterations during the recognition of emotional facial expressions. Methods: We examined 13 medication-free patients with major depression and 15 healthy controls by use of structural T 1 -weighted high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI during 1 session. We set the statistical threshold for the analysis of imaging data to p < 0.001 (uncorrected). Results: As shown by voxel-based morphometry, depressed patients had reductions in orbitofrontal cortex volume and increases in cerebellar volume. Additionally, depressed patients showed increased activity during emotion recognition in the middle frontal cortex, caudate nucleus, precuneus and lingual gyrus. Within this cerebral network, the orbitofrontal volumes were negatively correlated in depressed patients but not in healthy controls with changes in blood oxygen level-dependent signal in the middle frontal gyrus, caudate nucleus, precuneus and supplementary motor area. Limitations: Our results are limited by the relatively small sample size. Conclusions: This combined functional and structural MRI study provides evidence that the orbitofrontal cortex is a key area in major depression and that structural changes result in functional alterations within the emotional circuit. Whether these alterations in the orbitofrontal cortex are also related to persistent emotional dysfunction in remitted mental states and, therefore, are related to the risk of depression needs further exploration.

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“…Neuroticism has long been considered a risk factor for depression (e.g. [59,60]), and people with a high N score also show similar cognitive and neural biases to depressed subjects [61,62]. However, these participants typically do not display the deficits in memory or executive functioning that may be present in a clinical population, nor do they present with the confounding factor of clinical levels of depressed mood.…”

Section: (C) Studies With High Neurotic Volunteersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A neurocognitive model for understanding treatment action in depression

Warren

Pringle

Harmer

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One contribution of 15 to a theme issue 'Controlling brain activity to alter perception, behaviour and society'. The way in which emotion is represented and processed in the human brain is an expanding area of research and has key implications for how we understand and potentially treat affective disorders such as depression. Characterizing the effects of pharmacological manipulations of key neurotransmitter systems can also help reveal the neurochemical underpinnings of emotional processing and how common antidepressant drugs may work in the treatment of depression and anxiety. This approach has revealed that depression is associated with both neural and behavioural biases towards negative over positive stimuli. Evidence from pharmacological challenge studies suggests that antidepressant treatment acts to normalize these biases early on in treatment, resulting in patients experiencing the world in a more positive way, improving their mood over time. This model is supported by evidence from both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The unique perspective on antidepressant treatment offered by this approach provides some insights into individual response to treatment, as well as novel approaches to drug development.

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Highly neurotic never-depressed students have negative biases in information processing

Cited by 166 publications

References 61 publications

Sex Modulates the Interactive Effect of the Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism and Childhood Adversity on Hippocampal Volume

Sex Modulates the Interactive Effect of the Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism and Childhood Adversity on Hippocampal Volume

Orbitofrontal volume reductions during emotion recognition in patients with major depression

A neurocognitive model for understanding treatment action in depression

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