Highly redispersible sugar beet nanofibers as reinforcement in bionanocomposites

Hietala, Maiju; Sain, Sunanda; Oksman, Kristiina

doi:10.1007/s10570-017-1245-6

Cited by 46 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The defrosted sample showed very similar rheological properties as compared with original sample. [118] For more efficient and cost-effective drying and redispersion of CNMs, techniques including carboxymethylation, [212] addition of water-soluble polymers, [156,208,[213][214][215] and addition of salts [216,217] have been developed. For example, CM-NFC were manufactured from refined, bleached beech pulp through carboxymethylation prior to mechanical disintegration.…”

Section: Postprocessingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological Aspects of Cellulose Nanomaterials: Governing Factors and Emerging Applications

et al. 2021

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of nanomaterials from green, low-cost, abundant, renewable, and biodegradable natural resources. One such attractive bioresource is cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on earth, which is widely present in various forms of renewable biomass, such as trees, plants, tunicates, and bacteria.Structurally, cellulose is a linear, high molecular weight polysaccharide with repeating glucose units linked by 1-4 glycosidic bonds. Owing to the presence of hydroxyl groups, those linear chains of glucose units link together through van der Waals forces and intermolecular hydrogen bonding to form elementary fibrils, which are further packed into larger aggregates known as microfibrils. [3] Cellulose fibrils consist of disordered (amorphous) regions and highly ordered (crystalline) regions. In the crystalline regions, cellulose chains are closely packed together in highly ordered fashion (parallel to the direction of fibril length), dictated by the intricate intraand intermolecular hydrogen bonding; whereas in the amorphous regions, cellulose chain stacking is less ordered and not as closely packed. Therefore, the amorphous regions are more vulnerable to both physical disintegration and chemical hydrolysis in comparison with crystalline regions. When cellulose is prepared in nano-scale fibrillar or crystalline forms, it is broadly referred to as cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs).The isolation, characterization, modification, and application of CNMs are currently receiving much attention. Understanding Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), mainly including nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), have attained enormous interest due to their sustainability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, nanoscale dimensions, large surface area, facile modification of surface chemistry, as well as unique optical, mechanical, and rheological performance. One of the most fascinating properties of CNMs is their aqueous suspension rheology, i.e., CNMs helping create viscous suspensions with the formation of percolation networks and chemical interactions (e.g., van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction/repulsion, and hydrophobic attraction). Under continuous shearing, CNMs in an aqueous suspension can align along the flow direction, producing shear-thinning behavior. At rest, CNM suspensions regain some of their initial structure immediately, allowing rapid recovery of rheological properties. These unique flow features enable CNMs to serve as rheological modifiers in a wide range of fluid-based applications. Herein, the dependence of the rheology of CNM suspensions on test protocols, CNM inherent properties, suspension environments, and postprocessing is systematically described. A critical overview of the recent progress on fluid applications of CNMs as rheology modifiers in some emerging industrial sectors is presented as well. Future perspectives in the field are outlined to guide further research and development in using CNMs as the next generation rheological modifiers.

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Section: Postprocessingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological Aspects of Cellulose Nanomaterials: Governing Factors and Emerging Applications

et al. 2021

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“…The extent of coalescence upon drying can be limited by solvent exchanges (Henriksson et al 2008) or freeze-drying (Lovikka et al 2016), but these methods are tedious and timeconsuming, rendering them impractical in an industrial scale. Alternatively, the surface chemistry of the CNFs may be modified to allow redispersibility after drying by introducing electrostatic repulsion, like in the case of carboxymethylated CNFs (Eyholzer et al 2010), or by using steric stabilization from pectin or other components (Hietala et al 2017). Recently, Visanko et al (2017) reported having made redispersable LCNF nanopapers from spruce ground wood pulp (lignin content 27.4%) when dried from ethanol, which can probably be attributed to the lower density and interfibrillar contact in these nanopapers.…”

Section: Dewatering and Redispersibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

On the potential of lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs): a review on properties and applications

2019

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This review outlines the present state and recent progress in the area of lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs), an emerging family of green cellulose nanomaterials. Different types of LCNF raw materials are described, with main focus on wood-based raw materials, and the properties of the resulting LCNFs are compared. Common problems faced in industrial utilization of CNFs are discussed in the light of potential improvements from LCNFs, covering areas such as chemical and energy consumption, dewatering and redispersibility. Out of the potential applications, barrier films, emulsions and nanocomposites are considered.

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“…Moreover, in the commercialization of nanocelluloses, drying them is desired in many applications, but the redispersing of the nanofibers without hornification (Newman 2004) back to a solvent medium is still a challenge. Thus, the introduction of anionic charges through the use of additives (Lowys et al 2001), the chemical modification of the fibers via carboxymethylation (Eyholzer et al 2010;Butchosa and Zhou 2014), or the exploitation of nonwood plants with a high pectin content (Hiasa et al 2016;Hietala et al 2017) have been the most promising ways for recovering the properties of redispersed nanofibers. For nanofibers derived from wood, methods of drying and redispersing them in their native states in different media without the loss of any of their properties (Eyholzer et al 2010), and without the use of any additives or chemicals, would be advantageous for the fabrication of green bioproducts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical fabrication of high-strength and redispersible wood nanofibers from unbleached groundwood pulp

et al. 2017

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In the past, the direct production of lignincontaining nanofibers from wood materials has been very limited, and nanoscale fibers (nanocelluloses) have been mainly isolated from chemically delignified, bleached cellulose pulp. In this study, we have introduced a newly adapted, heat-intensified disc nanogrinding process for the enhanced nanofibrillation of wood nanofibers (WNF) with a high lignin content (27.4 wt%). The WNF produced this way have many unique and intriguing properties in their naturally occurring form, for example, being able to be dispersed in ethanol and having ethanol solution viscosities higher than water solution viscosities. When WNF nanopapers were formed with ethanol, the properties of the nanofibers were recoverable without a notable decrease in the viscosity or mechanical strength after redispersing them in water. The preservation of lignin in the WNF was noticed as an increase in the water contact angles (89°), the rapid removal of water in the fabrication of the nanopapers, and the enhanced strength of the nanopapers when subjected to high pressure and heat. The nanopapers fabricated from the WNF were mechanically stable, having an elastic modulus of 6.2 GPa, a maximum stress of 103.4 MPa, and a maximum strain of 3.5%. Throughout the study, characteristics of the WNF were compared to those of the delignified and bleached reference cellulose nanofibers. We envision that the exciting characteristics of the WNF and their lower cost of production compared to that of bleached cellulose nanofibers may offer new opportunities for nanocellulose and biocomposite research.

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Highly redispersible sugar beet nanofibers as reinforcement in bionanocomposites

Cited by 46 publications

References 33 publications

Rheological Aspects of Cellulose Nanomaterials: Governing Factors and Emerging Applications

Rheological Aspects of Cellulose Nanomaterials: Governing Factors and Emerging Applications

On the potential of lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs): a review on properties and applications

Mechanical fabrication of high-strength and redispersible wood nanofibers from unbleached groundwood pulp

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