Highly resolved observations and simulations of the ocean response to a hurricane

Sanford, Thomas B.; Price, James F.; Girton, James B.; Webb, Douglas C.

doi:10.1029/2007gl029679

Cited by 134 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Th is is the approximate location relative to the track where the largest near-inertial currents are forced (e.g. Sanford et al, 2007). These profiles are calculated during model runs by inserting synthetic moorings at these two locations with instruments deployed at 5 m vertical intervals.…”

Section: A Results From the Control Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and Sensitivity Analysis of an Ocean Model Response to Hurricane Ivan

Halliwell

Shay

Brewster

et al. 2011

Monthly Weather Review

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An ocean model response to Hurricane Ivan (2004) in the northwest Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico is evaluated to determine what aspects of ocean model performance need to be improved in coupled tropical cyclone forecast models. A control experiment is performed using quasi-optimal choices of initial ocean fields, atmospheric forcing fields, air-sea flux parameterizations, vertical mixing parameterization, and both horizontal and vertical resolution.Alternate experiments are conducted with one single attribute altered to quantify model sensitivity to that attribute and identify where model improvement efforts should be most effectively directed. All experiments are driven by wind stress and wind speed fields that resolve the eye and eyewall structure of the storm. Forcing that does not resolve this inner-core structure substantially degrades the ocean model response. Representation of the ocean by onedimensional mixed layer models fails to capture important physical aspects of the ocean response that affect SST cooling and heat flux from ocean to atmosphere. Ocean model initialization with respect to the correct locations of ocean currents and eddies, and also to providing accurate upper-ocean temperature and salinity is the most important factor for insuring good ocean model performance. Next in importance are surface momentum and heat flux parameterizations. Wind stress drag coefficient parameterizations that yield values at high wind speed of 2.3-2.5 x 10 -3 produce the most realistic wind-driven current profiles. Turbulent heat flux drag coefficient parameterizations impact heat flux from ocean to atmosphere but have little impact on SST cooling because this is dominated by entrainment at the mixed layer base. The choice of vertical mixing parameterization has a significant impact on surface heat flux from ocean to atmosphere.The impact of altering horizontal and vertical resolution is comparatively small. A horizontal resolution of ≈10 km and vertical resolution of ≈10 m in the mixed layer are adequate given that diminishing returns are encountered when either resolution is increased.3

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Section: A Results From the Control Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and Sensitivity Analysis of an Ocean Model Response to Hurricane Ivan

Halliwell

Shay

Brewster

et al. 2011

Monthly Weather Review

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“…It has previously been reported that TC-induced sea surface cooling is mainly caused by Ekman upwelling and vertical turbulent mixing (Price 1981;Wada et al 2009a;Sanford et al 2011). The rate of entrainment at the base of the mixed layer caused by the passage of a TC is primarily determined by different horizontal current speeds at different depths across the base (Price 1981;Sanford et al 2007). Wada et al (2010) suggested that vertical turbulent mixing caused by breaking surface waves caused by a TC also plays an important role in sea surface cooling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Typhoon-induced sea surface cooling during the 2011 and 2012 typhoon seasons: observational evidence and numerical investigations of the sea surface cooling effect using typhoon simulations

Wada

Uehara

Ishizaki

2014

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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Understanding oceanic responses to typhoons and the impacts those responses have on the typhoons themselves is important so that typhoon predictions performed using numerical models and typhoon forecasts can be improved. However, in situ oceanic observations underneath typhoons are still limited. To gain a deep understanding of the oceanic response and estimate the magnitude of its impact, three profiling floats were deployed in the western North Pacific during the 2011 and 2012 typhoon seasons. The daily observations showed that the sea surface cooled by more than 2°C in typhoons Ma-on and Muifa in 2011, and typhoons Bolaven and Parapiroon in 2012. The response was different at different float locations relative to the typhoon center, that is, the response within 100 km of the typhoon center was different to the response more than 100 km from the center on the right-or left-hand sides of the typhoon track, even though the response was affected by pre-existing oceanic conditions, precipitation, and the typhoon intensity. The salinity and temperature profiles were also considerably different before, during, and after the passage of a typhoon. To determine the impacts of typhoon-induced sea surface cooling on typhoon predictions, the impacts of the four typhoons were numerically evaluated using an atmosphere-wave-ocean coupled model. The coupled model simulated sea surface cooling and the resultant increases in the central pressures caused by the passages of the typhoons reasonably well. When axisymmetrically simulated, the mean sea surface cooling beneath a typhoon decreased the latent heat fluxes by 24% to 47%. A larger cooling effect gave a larger decrease in the latent heat flux only during the intensification phase. The decrease in the latent heat flux affected the inner core structure, particularly in the inflow boundary layer and around the eyewall. The cooling effect significantly affected the track simulation only for Typhoon Muifa, which had the weakest zonal steering flow of the four typhoons. These results suggest that making more frequent typhoon observations using profiling floats, further developing oceanic analysis techniques, and improving our understanding of typhoon-ocean interactions are required to produce more accurate typhoon predictions.

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“…The numerical ocean model is the three-dimensional and time-dependent Price-WellerPinkel model (3DPWP) as described in Price et al [1994], [see also Price et al [1986], Sanford et al [2007], Sanford et al [2011]]. The model uses the three-dimensional primitive equations given in equations 1-3 and hydrostatic model to simulate the upper ocean response to a hurricane.…”

Section: Description Of Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of ocean eddies on tropical cyclones

Miltenberger¹

2012

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Highly resolved observations and simulations of the ocean response to a hurricane

Cited by 134 publications

References 10 publications

Evaluation and Sensitivity Analysis of an Ocean Model Response to Hurricane Ivan

Evaluation and Sensitivity Analysis of an Ocean Model Response to Hurricane Ivan

Typhoon-induced sea surface cooling during the 2011 and 2012 typhoon seasons: observational evidence and numerical investigations of the sea surface cooling effect using typhoon simulations

The effects of ocean eddies on tropical cyclones

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