Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Polymer Bragg Grating: A Case Study on Extracellular Vesicles Detection

Saha, N. N.; Brunetti, Giuseppe; Kumar, Arun; Armenise, Mario Nicola; Ciminelli, Caterina

doi:10.3390/bios12060415

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive method that uses samples of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, sputum, ascites, and, in theory, any other bodily fluid. It is gradually emerging as a practical substitute for monitoring cancer patients in real-time and evaluating biomarkers that are often only examined in tissue biopsies [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ].…”

Section: Design Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Sensitive TiO2/Au/Graphene Layer-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Cancer Detection

et al. 2022

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In this article, a hybrid TiO2/Au/graphene layer-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor with improved sensitivity and capability for cancer detection is presented. The finite element method (FEM) was used for numerical analysis. The proposed SPR biosensor was structured based on the angular analysis of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) method for the detection of various types of cancer using the refractive index component. The resonance angle shifted owing to the increment of normal and cancerous cells’ refractive index, which varied between 1.36 and 1.401 for six different types of normal and cancerous cells. According to numerical results, the obtained sensitivities for skin (basal), cervical (HeLa), adrenal gland (PC12), blood (Jurkat), and breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cancer cells were 210 deg/RIU, 245.83 deg/RIU, 264.285 deg/RIU, 285.71 deg/RIU, 292.86 deg/RIU, and 278.57 deg/RIU, respectively. Furthermore, the detection accuracy (DA), figure of merits (FOM), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were also obtained, with values of 0.263 deg−1, 48.02 RIU−1, and 3.84, respectively. Additionally, the distribution of the electric field and the propagation of the magnetic field for resonant and non-resonant conditions of the proposed structure were illustrated. It was found that an enhanced field was exhibited on the surface of the plasmonic material for resonant conditions. We also measured the penetration depth of 180 nm using decayed electric field intensity. Furthermore, the impact of using a TiO2/Au/graphene layer was demonstrated. We further conducted analyses of the effects of the thickness of the gold layer and the effects of additional graphene layers on overall sensitivities for six different types of cancer. The proposed TiO2/Au/graphene layered structure exhibited the highest overall sensitivity in terms of detecting cancerous cells from healthy cells. Moreover, the proposed sensor was numerically analyzed for a wide range of biological solutions (refractive index 1.33 –1.41), and the sensor linearity was calculated with a linear regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9858. Finally, numerical results obtained in this manuscript exhibited high sensitivity in comparison with previously reported studies.

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Section: Design Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Sensitive TiO2/Au/Graphene Layer-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Cancer Detection

et al. 2022

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“…Following the slight changes in the refractive index (RI) can provide a complete understanding of different biochemical molecules. With this concept, Saha et al proposed a compact high-index-coated polymer waveguide Bragg grating with a metal undercoat material to develop a sensitive RI-based sensor for detecting EVs in bodily fluids [ 62 ]. The developed sensor was assessed using the finite element method (FEM), and coupled-mode theory (CMT) approaches, showing good sensitivity and a wide detection range suitable for EVs analysis.…”

Section: Application Of Polymers In Liquid Biopsy-based Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Polymeric Surfaces as Platforms for Streamlined Cancer Diagnostics in Liquid Biopsies

et al. 2023

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Minimally invasive approaches for cancer diagnosis are an integral step in the quest to improve cancer survival. Liquid biopsies such as blood samples are matrices explored to extract valuable information about the tumor and its state through various indicators, such as proteins, peptides, tumor DNA, or circulating tumor cells. Although these markers are scarce, making their isolation and detection in complex matrices challenging, the development in polymer chemistry producing interesting structures, including molecularly imprinted polymers, branched polymers, nanopolymer composites, and hybrids, allowed the development of enhanced platforms with impressive performance for liquid biopsies analysis. This review describes the latest advances and developments in polymer synthesis and their application for minimally invasive cancer diagnosis. The polymer structures improve the operational performances of biosensors through various processes, such as increased affinity for enhanced sensitivity, improved binding, and avoidance of non-specific interactions for enhanced specificity. Furthermore, polymer-based materials can be a tremendous help in signal amplification of usually low-concentrated targets in the sample. The pros and cons of these materials, how the synthesis process affects their performance, and the device applications for liquid biopsies diagnosis will be critically reviewed to show the essentiality of this technology in oncology and clinical biomedicine.

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“…However, we want to also highlight the recent advances for extracellular vesicle detection and sensing. The newest technologies for efficient sensing include refractive index-based sensors and magneto-electrochemical sensors [ 134 , 135 ]. A great overview of the different sensing technologies, ranging from plasmon resonance, scattering, ELISA and electrochemical-based assays, is given by Im et al [ 136 ].…”

Section: Bioassays—validation Of the Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidic Approaches for Affinity-Based Exosome Separation

Theel

Schwaminger²

2022

IJMS

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As a subspecies of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes have provided promising results in diagnostic and theranostic applications in recent years. The nanometer-sized exosomes can be extracted by liquid biopsy from almost all body fluids, making them especially suitable for mainly non-invasive point-of-care (POC) applications. To achieve this, exosomes must first be separated from the respective biofluid. Impurities with similar properties, heterogeneity of exosome characteristics, and time-related biofouling complicate the separation. This practical review presents the state-of-the-art methods available for the separation of exosomes. Furthermore, it is shown how new separation methods can be developed. A particular focus lies on the fabrication and design of microfluidic devices using highly selective affinity separation. Due to their compactness, quick analysis time and portable form factor, these microfluidic devices are particularly suitable to deliver fast and reliable results for POC applications. For these devices, new manufacturing methods (e.g., laminating, replica molding and 3D printing) that use low-cost materials and do not require clean rooms are presented. Additionally, special flow routes and patterns that increase contact surfaces, as well as residence time, and thus improve affinity purification are displayed. Finally, various analyses are shown that can be used to evaluate the separation results of a newly developed device. Overall, this review paper provides a toolbox for developing new microfluidic affinity devices for exosome separation.

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Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Polymer Bragg Grating: A Case Study on Extracellular Vesicles Detection

Cited by 23 publications

References 57 publications

Highly Sensitive TiO2/Au/Graphene Layer-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Cancer Detection

Highly Sensitive TiO2/Au/Graphene Layer-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Cancer Detection

Design of Polymeric Surfaces as Platforms for Streamlined Cancer Diagnostics in Liquid Biopsies

Microfluidic Approaches for Affinity-Based Exosome Separation

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