Highly Sensitive Strain Sensor Fabricated by Direct Laser Writing on Lignin Paper with Strain Engineering

Abstract

Paper-based strain sensors (PSS) have broad prospects in disposable products due to their low cost and easy degradation as environmentally friendly materials. Herein, a strain sensor made of a laser-induced carbonization electrode is created by direct laser writing with filter paper. The conductivity and gauge factor (GF) of this strain sensor are improved by adding lignin and applying strain engineering. This enables the sensor to simultaneously satisfy high sensitivity (GF % 408 and 91) for weak tension and compression strain, respectively, and with long-term reliability. The tensile strain GF factors of up to 201 are possible, even with a weak tensile strain of 0.00088%. Furthermore, the paper-based sensor for monitoring physiological activities like finger gestures, pulsing, swallowing, and eye blinking is demonstrated. The facile fabrication and superior performance of PSS fabricated by direct laser writing with strain engineering may pave the way for promising applications of flexible, portable, and wearable electronic devices.

Flexible Copper-Based Thermistors Fabricated by Laser Direct Writing for Low-Temperature Sensing

“…However, the normalized resistance–temperature dependence of the thermistor at different bending conditions explicates that the assembled thermistors maintain the temperature sensing ability when loading different mechanical prestress states. The loaded prestress on the assembled thermistors leads to the deformation of sintered structures, , which results in the changes of the B value of the thermistors (calculated in Supporting Information, Figure S13). The results have no obvious orders of magnitude differences, indicating the good deformation tolerance of the copper-based thermistors.…”

Highly Flexible Strain Sensors Based on CNT-Reinforced Ecoflex Silicone Rubber for Wireless Facemask Breathing Monitoring via Bluetooth

“…Figure shows the GF value and maximum working strain range of the developed nanocomposites compared to those of other carbon-based flexible strain sensors reported in the literature. The comparison is made with a wide range of flexible polymers (PDMS, Ecoflex, TPU, or IR) doped with carbon nanoparticles (CNT, CB, and graphene). ,,,– Most of these sensors cannot satisfy the requirements of a high GF and large strain range simultaneously, while nanocomposites obtained in this work stand out. As discussed above, the GF value of developed sensors consistently increases within the entire strain range, indicating that the conductive network is not completely disconnected, making it potentially useful for practical applications.…”

Stretchable and Highly Sensitive Flexible Strain Sensor Based on a Three‐Layer Core–Shell Structure of Polydopamine/Polypyrrole@Natural Rubber for Human Activity Monitoring

“…Due to people's demand for health management and quality of life, intelligent wearable electronic devices have attracted abundant attention. [1][2][3][4] Wearable strain sensors, as integral components of wearable electronic devices, can convert mechanical signals generated by human motion into real-time electrical signals.…”

“…Due to people's demand for health management and quality of life, intelligent wearable electronic devices have attracted abundant attention. [ 1–4 ] Wearable strain sensors, as integral components of wearable electronic devices, can convert mechanical signals generated by human motion into real‐time electrical signals. They have potential applications in the fields of human health monitoring, [ 5–7 ] smart textiles, [ 8–10 ] electronic skin, [ 11,12 ] soft robotics, [ 13 ] and so forth.…”