Highly sensitive thermal damage sensors for polymer composites: time temperature indicator based on thermochromic fluorescence turn-on response

Toivola, Ryan; Howie, Tucker; Yang, Jeffrey; Lai, Po−Ni; Shi, Zhengwei; Jang, Sei‐Hum; Jen, Alex K.‐Y.; Flinn, Brian D.

doi:10.1088/1361-665x/aa7a8a

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Exposing M1 to sufficient heat causes a retro-Diels–Alder reaction which detaches M3 and irreversibly returns the anthracene core to its fluorescent state in M2 [ 32 ]. The activation kinetics of this M1–M2 reaction match closely with reported kinetics of thermal damage formation in the T800/3900-2 CFRE system [ 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

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Thermochromic Polymer Film Sensors for Detection of Incipient Thermal Damage in Carbon Fiber–Epoxy Composites

Toivola

Jang

Baker

et al. 2018

Sensors

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Carbon fiber–epoxy composites have become prevalent in the aerospace industry where mechanical properties and light weight are at a premium. The significant non-destructive evaluation challenges of composites require new solutions, especially in detecting early-stage, or incipient, thermal damage. The initial stages of thermal damage are chemical rather than physical, and can cause significant reduction in mechanical properties well before physical damage becomes detectable in ultrasonic testing. Thermochromic fluorescent probe molecules have the potential to sense incipient thermal damage more accurately than traditional inspection methods. We have designed a molecule which transitions from a colorless, non-fluorescent state to a colorful, highly fluorescent state when exposed to temperature–time combinations that can cause damage in composites. Moreover, this molecule can be dispersed in a polymer film and attached to composite parts as a removable sensor. This work presents an evaluation of the sensor performance of this thermochromic film in comparison to ultrasonic C-scan as a method to detect incipient thermal damage in one of the most widely used carbon fiber–epoxy composite systems. Composite samples exposed to varying thermal exposures were used to evaluate the fluorescent thermal sensor films, and the results are compared to the results of ultrasonic imaging and short-beam shear tests for interlaminar shear strength.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…In previous work, we proposed using thermochromic fluorescent molecules dispersed into a host polymer as a new class of TTI sensor for ITD in CFRE [ 28 ]. Thermochromic fluorescence has been used as the basis for reversible “fluorescence thermometers” which cannot retain the necessary time information [ 21 , 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermochromic Polymer Film Sensors for Detection of Incipient Thermal Damage in Carbon Fiber–Epoxy Composites

Toivola

Jang

Baker

et al. 2018

Sensors

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“…[ 34 ] Based on these effects, versatile thermal history recorders in the form of films, [ 24,25,28,32 ] as well as micro‐ and nanoparticles, [ 22,30,33 ] were established to indicate cold‐chain breaches, [ 25 ] heating events like explosions [ 35 ] and thermal damages of products. [ 24,32 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These changes include phase transitions, [21,22] polymer backbone rearrangements, [23][24][25] excimer formation or dissolution, [26][27][28][29][30] chemical reactions, [31,32] quantum confinement, [33] or partial decomposition. [34] Based on these effects, versatile thermal history recorders in the form of films, [24,25,28,32] as well as micro-and nanoparticles, [22,30,33] were established to indicate cold-chain breaches, [25] heating events like explosions [35] and thermal damages of products. [24,32] To achieve the goal of bringing together highly sophisticated ID and temperature recorder developments, an entity, uniting both, has to be created.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Communicating Particles: Identification Taggant and Temperature Recorder in One Single Supraparticle

Reichstein

Miller

Wintzheimer

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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“Communicating particles” are reported that combine an identification (ID) taggant and a temperature recorder in one single entity—a micron‐scaled supraparticle. The optical information carriers within the hybrid inorganic‐organic supraparticles are three different types of luminescent nanoparticles, which can be read‐out using single‐wavelength excitation. These three nanoparticle types are assembled into a core‐satellite structure via a two‐step droplet evaporation technique. The core is built‐up from Tb3+ and Eu3+‐doped nanophosphors, providing an environmentally stable ID that is easily tunable through ratiometric spectral coding. This core is surrounded by organic, dye‐doped polymer nanoparticle satellites, acting as thermal‐history‐recorders of their environment. Exposed to a threshold temperature, the luminescence of the utilized 7‐diethylamino‐4‐methylcoumarin‐doped polymer nanoparticles is irreversibly quenched. This “turn‐off ” signal response is attributed to conformational changes in the dyes’ excited state and an alteration of their molecular environment, respectively, triggered by the polymer nanoparticles’ glass transition. Thus, the sensitivity of the temperature recorder can be configured over a wide temperature range by varying the dye‐hosting polymer. At the same time, the ID of the particle, stemming from its inorganic building blocks, stays unaffected, thus stable against thermal changes. The idea of communicating particles introduces a promising concept for smart additives.

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“…423 . Chemical TTIs involve the change of colour of a chemical linked to its chemical state (redox, pH) with chemicals like anthracene, fructose/glycine, lysine/xylose, or anthraquinone [424][425][426][427] . Other chemical TTIs can also use the properties of stimuli responsive polymer such as polydiacetylene 428 .…”

Section: Time/temperature Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In the second half of the 20th century, post-war Europe saw major economic growth due to national reconstructions associated with high employment, industrial mass production and demographic boom. As a consequence, generalised globalisation raised an intensified international flux of goods, services and information. Advancing technology and ever-increasing worldwide goods consumption has led to the age of plastics. Their relatively easy processability and strong physico-chemical properties such as optical, mechanical or barrier properties make them the perfect candidate for many applications in building and construction, automotive, agriculture, electronics, household leisure and sports, appliances, medical furniture and packaging. In 2018, the production of plastic in Europe reached 64.4 million tons and the packaging sector represents the largest sector demands1. The market value of the packaging sector was valued at high as 917 billion US dollar in 2019 and is still rising at an annual growth of 2.8%2.In the packaging industry, the largest part concerns food packaging3 and the overall increasing number and movement of food products however also causes an increasing amount of worldwide food waste. Around one third of the globally produced food is wasted according to the estimations of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations4. This represents 1.2 billion tons per year which seems outrageous as the FAO also estimated in 2018 that around 800 million people were chronically undernourished in the world. Food waste is a important challenge for mankind as the world population is expected to reach 10 billion people in 2050 and feeding all of them is a great challenge.

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Highly sensitive thermal damage sensors for polymer composites: time temperature indicator based on thermochromic fluorescence turn-on response

Cited by 16 publications

References 44 publications

Thermochromic Polymer Film Sensors for Detection of Incipient Thermal Damage in Carbon Fiber–Epoxy Composites

Thermochromic Polymer Film Sensors for Detection of Incipient Thermal Damage in Carbon Fiber–Epoxy Composites

Communicating Particles: Identification Taggant and Temperature Recorder in One Single Supraparticle

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