Highly Sensitive Wearable Sensor Based on (001)‐Orientated TiO₂ for Real‐Time Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine, Tyrosine, and Paracetamol

Abstract

The concentration of dopamine (DA) and tyrosine (Tyr) reflects the condition of patients with Parkinson's disease, whereas moderate paracetamol (PA) can help relieve their pain. Therefore, real‐time measurements of these bioanalytes have important clinical implications for patients with Parkinson's disease. However, previous sensors suffer from either limited sensitivity or complex fabrication and integration processes. This work introduces a simple and cost‐effective method to prepare high‐quality, flexible titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films with highly reactive (001)‐facets. The as‐fabricated TiO2 film supported by a carbon cloth electrode (i.e., TiO2–CC) allows excellent electrochemical specificity and sensitivity to DA (1.390 µA µM−1 cm−2), Tyr (0.126 µA µM−1 cm−2), and PA (0.0841 µA µM−1 cm−2). More importantly, accurate DA concentration in varied pH conditions can be obtained by decoupling them within a single differential pulse voltammetry measurement without additional sensing units. The TiO2–CC electrochemical sensor can be integrated into a smart diaper to detect the trace amount of DA or an integrated skin‐interfaced patch with microfluidic sampling and wireless transmission units for real‐time detection of the sweat Try and PA concentration. The wearable sensor based on TiO2–CC prepared by facile manufacturing methods holds great potential in the daily health monitoring and care of patients with neurological disorders.

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“…Dopamine (DA), an essential neurotransmitter, plays a pivotal role in a multitude of physiological functions, which include neural signaling, extracerebral vasodilation, and the process of reward in the brain. − As the importance of the neurotransmitter DA in cognitive function and emotion regulation is gradually being recognized, the need for noninvasive continuous monitoring of its dynamic changes is becoming increasingly urgent. , A method for electrochemical monitoring of single-atom manganese-doped MoS 2 enabling ultrasensitive detection of dopamine was reported by Lei et al Another interesting work was reported by Duru et al on the use of spatially resolved microarray electrodes to achieve local pH polymerization of the DA reaction for visual monitoring of DA . Although a number of high-performance electrochemical monitoring programs have been developed, traditional methods are often limited by complex equipment, restrictive operations, and invasive methods.…”