“…Many OA/fluorescence NPs are targeted toward integrin α(v)β(3) which is overexpressed in endothelial cells in the glioblastoma mouse model. Near-infrared (NIR) I range NPs in glioblastoma imaging include quantum dots ( Zhao et al, 2020 ), gold NPs ( Lu et al, 2011 ; Kircher et al, 2012 ; Lozano et al, 2012 ; Shang et al, 2017 ), copper/iron-based NPs ( Wu M. et al, 2018 ; Zhou et al, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2019b ), carbon nanorods ( Pramanik et al, 2009 ; Qian et al, 2018 ), MoS 2 nanosheets ( Chen et al, 2016 ; Guo et al, 2017 ), semiconducting polymeric NPs ( Yang et al, 2019 ), nanodot–chlorotoxin conjugates ( Wu et al, 2011 ), polymer-encapsulated organic NPs ( Li and Liu, 2014 ), ICG-holo-transferrin NPs ( Zhu et al, 2017 ), and liposomes ( Miranda et al, 2019 ). The circulating dyes and NPs accumulate in brain tumors due to a disruption of the blood–brain barrier ( Kircher et al, 2012 ; Burton et al, 2013 ; Neuschmelting et al, 2018 ) or enhanced permeability and retention effect ( Li et al, 2018b ).…”