Highly specific changes in antioxidant levels and lipid peroxidation in Parkinson’s disease and its progression: Disease and staging biomarkers and new drug targets

Abstract

There is evidence that immune-inflammatory, stress of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (IO&NS) processes play a role in the neurodegenerative processes observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of the present study was to investigate peripheral IO&NS biomarkers in PD. We included 56 healthy individuals and 56 PD patients divided in two groups: early PD stage and late PD stage. Plasma lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), sulfhydryl (SH) groups, catalase (CAT) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, paraoxonase (PON)1 activity, total radical trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. PD is characterized by increased LOOH, MDA and SOD activity and lowered CAT activity. A combination of five O&NS biomarkers highly significantly predicts PD with a sensitivity of 94.5% and a specificity of 86.8% (i.e., MDA, SOD activity, TRAP, SH-groups and CAT activity). The single best biomarker of PD is MDA, while LOOH and SOD activity are significantly associated with late PD stage, but not early PD stage. Antiparkinson drugs did not affect O&NS biomarkers, but levodopa+carbidopa significantly increased CRP. It is suggested that MDA may serve as a disease biomarker, while LOOH and SOD activity are associated with late PD stage characteristic. New treatments for PD should not only target dopamine but also lipid peroxidation.

Nonmercaptalbumin as an oxidative stress marker in Parkinson’s and PARK2 disease

“…Considering the increased %HNA in iPD compared with controls regardless of disease duration, age‐induced oxidative stress may trigger disease onset . Previously, several investigations have revealed oxidative stress‐related compounds as diagnostic biomarkers of iPD . Our study confirmed the significance of lower serum levels of UA, which is a powerful antioxidant in iPD (Fig.…”

“…25 Previously, several investigations have revealed oxidative stress-related compounds as diagnostic biomarkers of iPD. 26,27 Our study confirmed the significance of lower serum levels of UA, which is a powerful antioxidant in iPD 28 (Fig. 4A).…”

Colonic Oxidative and Mitochondrial Function in Parkinson’s Disease and Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

“…Although our findings point out to a lack of an association between endogenous antioxidant changes in PD peripheral tissue, a recent study has described specific plasmatic changes in antioxidant levels and lipid peroxidation as potential promising PD biomarkers [36]. …”

Metabolic Biomarkers and Neurodegeneration: A Pathway Enrichment Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

“…Asparagine was increased in CSF and blood plasma, but it decreased in serum in PD patients. Elevated sorbitol and propylene glycol levels were also observed in PD patients (Ahmed et al, 2009;de Farias et al, 2016;González-Domínguez et al, 2014a;Gröger et al, 2014;Luan et al, 2015;Marklund and Marklund, 1974;Trupp et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2014).…”