Highly Stable and Eco-friendly Marine Self-Charging Power Systems Composed of Conductive Polymer Supercapacitors with Seawater as an Electrolyte

Abstract

A self-charging power system harvesting random and low-frequency wave energy into electricity provides a promising strategy for the construction of smart oceans. However, the system faces huge challenges of easy corrosion in the marine environment and the utilization of toxic organic electrolytes in energy storage devices. To address the issues above, a seawater supercapacitor (SWSC) for the marine self-charging power system is rationally proposed by using a conductive polymer, polypyrrole with hollow morphology (h-PPy), to enhance the stability and capacitance while using seawater as an eco-friendly electrolyte to reduce the cost and achieve sustainability. The hollow design provides a shortcut for the ion transportation of seawater into the h-PPy electrode, and the SWSC achieves a high power density of 4.32 kW kg −1 under an energy density of 5.12 W h kg −1 . Even after 180 days in seawater, h-PPy still endows a mass retention of 99.9%, enabling the SWSC to maintain a stability of 99.3% after 6000 cycles. More importantly, when combined with a TENG module as the marine self-charging power system to harvest wave energy, the system provides a stable output in water wave to drive electronics and sensors, which shows a competitive potential in the smart ocean and marine internet of things.

Waste Take-out Boxes Reused in High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensor

“…The attractive functionality and superior performance of TENGs drive its rapid development and large-scale application. However, great attention should also be devoted to the accompanying environmental issues. − As we all know, almost all of the TENGs consist of plastic materials (especially for its tribo-negative frictional layer, such as the often used PTFE, − FEP, − PVDF, − and PI , ), which inevitably produces a large amount of e-wastes and serious plastic pollution. As such, if recycled or reused plastic materials can be introduced into the TENGs, green manufacturing can be achieved to efficiently solve the environmental problem and support the sensors’ running as well.…”

Theoretical Derivation of the Effect of Bonding Current on the Bonding Interface during Anodic Bonding of PEG-Based Encapsulation Materials and Aluminum

“…Previous research on anodic bonding has usually focused on the influence of bonding material properties, surface treatment, and bonding parameters on the bonding process, and rarely on the effect of current characteristics on the microscopic changes in bonding materials and the effects of the bonding process [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Consequently, the microscopic control and analysis of the entire bonding process are inadequate [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Three-Dimensional Polypyrrole Nanoarrays for Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerators

“…48−50 Additionally, the polypyrrole fabricated by electrochemical deposition has a hollow structure, which provides additional surface area and facilitates the storage and accumulation of charges. 51 The present research on polypyrrole for self-powered systems and sensors mainly focuses on polypyrrole grown under single experimental conditions. However, the scope and depth of research still need to be further expanded.…”

“…To be better suited for wearable devices, TENGs need to have essential characteristics such as lightweight, portability, and low cost. , In recent years, carbon-based materials (such as carbon paper and carbon nanotubes) have been proven to have great potential for application in electronics and are widely used in various electronic devices because of their abundant resources and easy accessibility. − Among them, carbon paper is very suitable for use as flexible conductive substrates for electronic devices because of its lightweight, flexibility, and low cost . On the other hand, conductive polymers (e.g., polypyrrole, polyaniline) have received wide attention in various fields because of their mass production and good electrical conductivity. − Polypyrrole is one of the most promising electrode materials among these conducting polymers due to its good conductivity, high stability, easy synthesis, good biocompatibility, and environmental friendliness. − Additionally, the polypyrrole fabricated by electrochemical deposition has a hollow structure, which provides additional surface area and facilitates the storage and accumulation of charges . The present research on polypyrrole for self-powered systems and sensors mainly focuses on polypyrrole grown under single experimental conditions.…”