Highly stretchable liquid metal/polyurethane sponge conductors with excellent electrical conductivity stability and good mechanical properties

Ning, Nanying; Huang, Wei; Liu, Suting; Zhao, Qi; Zou, Hua; Yu, Bing; Zhang, Liqun

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107492

Cited by 34 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…When cracks formed between Ag NPs, the LMs bridged the Ag NPs cracks and constituted a parallel path along, which promoted the initial conductivity and enabled the conductivity under variable strains. To prove the conducting stability under repeated stretch-release cycles, the ΔR/R 0 of the Ag NPs/SBS and the LMs-Ag NPs/SBS electrodes under cyclic strain at 100% and 50%, respectively are [42,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59] d) Schematic diagrams of the parallel circuit for Ag NPs/SBS electrode, LMs-Ag NPs/SBS electrode and the conductive path change under stretching. e) Resistance changes during cyclic stretching/releasing of 100% strain for the Ag NPs/SBS electrode and LMs-Ag NPs/SBS.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interfacial Engineering for Highly Stable and Stretchable Electrodes Enabled by Printing/Writing Surface‐Embedded Silver and Its Selective Alloying with Liquid Metals

Liu

Song

Shi

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Inter

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To overcome the first hurdle, the gallium-indium based liquid metals (LMs) were widely researched due to their intrinsically high deformabilities and conductivities. [26][27][28] However, the big surface tension of the LMs (0.6-0.7 N m -1 , ten times to water) as well as their weak interfacial interaction with polymer substrates makes them tough to be directly printed or coated on the elastic substrates. [29][30][31][32] To improve the interfacial adhesion of LMs to elastic substrates, two typical interaction techniques have been reported as concluded in Table S1 (Supporting Information). First of all, the mostly used interaction is the hydrogen bonding or van der Waals interaction. [4,[33][34][35][36][37][38] In this technology, LMs were usually downsized into smaller length scales (i.e., liquid metal micro/nanoparticles) with dispensing agents such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), [4] tannic acid (TA), alginate, [35,39] and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). And elastic substrates were also modified using polar components, such as polymethacrylates (PMA) [33,40] and ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate. The hydrogen bonding or van der Waals interaction between them can help the LMs adhere onto the substrates, but these bondings strictly rely on the formation of oxide or organic layer, which are weak, static, and nonstretchable in the practical deformations (e.g., periodic and dynamic deformations).Besides, LM-metal plating technique is the other efficient interfacial modification technique. In this technique, LMs can plate on some active metals (e.g., Cu/Ni/Fe/Ag) to form new LM-metal alloys (e.g., Ga-Cu alloy, Ga-Ni alloy, and In-Ag alloy). [41][42] Compared to the hydrogen bond and van der Waals interaction, the LM-metal plating technique shows bigger advantages in future stretchable electrodes as it does not need the brittle oxide layer. The high alloying interaction between the pure LMs and the active metals can simultaneously improve the conductivity, stretchability, and dynamic stability. In this case, LM-metal plating technique has been proposed in previous reports. However, it always needs extremely complex, highcost, and repetitive electron-beam/optical lithography in these reports. [27,[43][44] This is because these reported active metals (e.g., Cu/Ni/Fe/Ag) for LMs' plating usually exhibit weak adhesion to the elastic substrates (e.g., poly(dimethylsiloxane), Even though intrinsically stretchable liquid metals (LMs) have been widely used in the stretchable electrodes for improving the stretchability, it is still challenging to achieve stable interfaces in these electrodes. A usual approach of adhering the LMs on a substrate is to modify the LMs with an organic surfactant, which is easily ruptured under a dynamic deformation. Herein, a surface-embedded silver and its selective alloying of LMs are reported to address this problem. Typically, the surface-embedding structure and the alloying interaction are both robust and stretchable, enabling the high interfacial stability during deformation (the ability to resist peeling, sc...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interfacial Engineering for Highly Stable and Stretchable Electrodes Enabled by Printing/Writing Surface‐Embedded Silver and Its Selective Alloying with Liquid Metals

Liu

Song

Shi

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Inter

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“…Although the liquid metal/PU composites were adopted to develop high-performance functional materials that have been attracted great attention, the flexibility-rigidity conversion tuned by phase changing is still unreported. [23,24] Compared to the conventional SMPs and other metal phase materials, liquid Ga metal with excellent thermophysical properties as shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/adem202100372mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the liquid metal/PU composites were adopted to develop high‐performance functional materials that have been attracted great attention, the flexibility–rigidity conversion tuned by phase changing is still unreported. [ 23,24 ] Compared to the conventional SMPs and other metal phase materials, liquid Ga metal with excellent thermophysical properties as shown in Table 1 . The metallic thermal conductivity of Ga coating with higher recovery speed because of its body phase transition temperature compared to the poor heat conductor of conventional SMPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning Flexibility–Rigidity Conversion of Liquid Metal/Polyurethane Composites by Phase Transition for Potential Shape Memory Application

Fang

et al. 2021

Adv Eng Mater

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Composites with the capability of rigid variation through environmental stimulus have attracted great attention, attributing to their huge potential for shape memory electronics. To date, the rigid variation of composites stimulated by the body temperature is still a great challenge. Herein, the liquid metal‐coated polyurethanes (PUs) that have flexibility–rigidity transition properties due to the presence of a gallium coating that can undergo phase transition from solid to liquid in response to body temperature heating are described. The liquid metal particles are bonded onto the PU skeleton treated by microwave plasma elastic, constructing liquid metal/PU composites. The strong oxidizing ability of gallium forms a thin Ga2O3 oxide film constructing a shell structure of the stable particle. Such novel strategy consists of the elastomeric skeleton and the gallium phase switching coating, making the fabricated composites capable of mechanical tunability. The modulus of composites can turn from 35 to 2008.9 kPa and return to 35 kPa under the body temperature, which allows for a convenient and simple method to produce shape memory effects. This approach provides a straightforward method to stimulate shape memory properties through the body temperature. Thus, they may be suitable for new applications in soft electronics.

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“…), excellent robustness and repeatability (10000 cycles) of multidirectional stretching or bending and low resistance (1.6 Ω) [6]. To enhance the elasticity and mechanical properties, Ning et al [36] infiltrated LM (GaInSn) into polyurethane sponge (PUS) and followed by encapsulation with PDMS to prepare a stretchable conductor. The prepared PDMS/PUS/LM composite showed excellent electrical conductivity (10 4 S/cm) and electrical conductivity stability under various mechanical deformations, which is higher than the other composites currently.…”

Section: Pure Gallium and Its Alloys As Extensible Conductormentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and application of gallium-based conductive materials in the very recent years

Wang

Guo

2020

Sci. China Technol. Sci.

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Gallium and its alloys are a group of metallic materials with low-melting points at or around room temperature. Apart from the good electrical conductivity, the unique liquid state endows those metals with excellent compliance and self-healing capacity, which present great value in the development of flexible and stretchable electronics. Constrained by the high surface tension and low viscosity, however, liquid metals cannot be applied to some common microelectronics manufacturing technologies such as micro-electro mechanics in the preceding years, which impedes their mass production in electronic devices. To address these issues and broaden the applications of liquid metals in electronics devices, numerous efforts have been taken and great progress has been made especially in the very recent years. This review summaries the recent development of liquid metal-based conductive materials from the aspects of preparation or modification methods and their accommodative fabrication techniques in flexible electronic applications. Further outlook including expectations and challenges of liquid metal-based conductive materials are also presented.

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Highly stretchable liquid metal/polyurethane sponge conductors with excellent electrical conductivity stability and good mechanical properties

Cited by 34 publications

References 34 publications

Interfacial Engineering for Highly Stable and Stretchable Electrodes Enabled by Printing/Writing Surface‐Embedded Silver and Its Selective Alloying with Liquid Metals

Interfacial Engineering for Highly Stable and Stretchable Electrodes Enabled by Printing/Writing Surface‐Embedded Silver and Its Selective Alloying with Liquid Metals

Tuning Flexibility–Rigidity Conversion of Liquid Metal/Polyurethane Composites by Phase Transition for Potential Shape Memory Application

Preparation and application of gallium-based conductive materials in the very recent years

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