Himalayan Ficus palmata L. Fruit Extract Showed In Vivo Central and Peripheral Analgesic Activity Involving COX-2 and Mu Opioid Receptors

Abstract

Analgesic drugs like morphine and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs exhibit several harmful effects. Here, we show for the first time the analgesic activity of Ficus palmata L. fruit extract (FPFE) on different analgesic rat models along with the in silico studies of some of the main phytochemicals of this plant. We performed in vivo pain models, along with in silico docking studies against the active site of COX-2 protein and mu-opioid receptors. A significant (p < 0.05) analgesic effect of FPFE was observed, and it was found that rutin has good pose and score as compared to diclofenac and morphinan antagonist (X-ligand), and psoralen has binding affinity almost equal to diclofenac, but a lower binding affinity as compared to rutin. The results proved that F. palmata fruits have the potential to ameliorate painful conditions.

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“…Over the past several years, the interest in medicinal plants has increased greatly and this is due to their disease curing and preventing potential. It is also equally important that the discovery of therapeutically significant substances should be supported by the Ethnopharmacological information of the plants from which these have been obtained (Tewari et al, 2021). As for as medicinal importance of the plants is concerned, G. asiatica is an important plant of Pakistan in terms of its medical significance.…”

“…Analgesic activity depends on the interruption of neuropeptides, inflammatory mediators, and or neurotransmitters used in the perception and transmission of pain, and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory (NSAIDS) inhibit various chemicals to achieve this goal. This includes, inhibition of mediators such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and therefore reduced release of prostaglandins (PGs) (Kumatia et al, 2021, Tewari et al, 2021.…”

Jack Fruit: An Estimation of Hunteria Umbellata Fruit Extract against Formalin Induced Nociception

“…The second prolonged phase is linked to the development of injury-induced spinal sensitisation, which is responsible for facilitating pain processing. Inflammatory pain also causes a central sensitisation of the dorsal horn neuron [1,2]. Medicines with a central mechanism of action, such as opioids, block both stages of formalin-induced pain, whereas drugs with a peripheral mechanism of action, such as diclofenac, block only the late phase [1,2].…”

“…Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) are the most often prescribed medications for treating pain and inflammation in clinical settings [1,2].…”

Investigating the microwave parameters correlating effects on total recovery of bioactive alkaloids from sesame leaves using orthogonal matrix and artificial neural network integration

“…morphine: Rt = 1.33 mins, m/z = 286.14 and codeine: Rt = 0.38, m/z = 300.16) is a class of alkaloids recovered from S. indicum leaf extract. These chemicals are very pharmacologically active and are employed as feedstocks in the production of pharmaceutical products such as analgesics and antitussive agents with pain reliving and cough suppressants activity(Fizeșan et al, 2021;Tewari et al, 2021). The increased alkaloid content is congruent withMbaebie et al (2010) finding that the leaf of S. indicum has a F I G U R E 4 Parity plots for training, testing, validation, and all data sets for total alkaloids content higher concentration of total alkaloid than other parts such as the roots, stem, and seeds.…”