Dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons may contribute to motor impairment in Huntington's disease. Here, we study the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in alterations of the nigrostriatal system associated with transgenics carrying mutant huntingtin. Using huntingtin-BDNF +/-double-mutant mice, we analyzed the effects of reducing the levels of BDNF expression in a model of Huntington's disease (R6/1). When compared with R6/1 mice, these mice exhibit an increased number of aggregates in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In addition, reduction of BDNF expression exacerbates the dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction seen in mutant huntingtin mice, such as the decrease in retrograde labelling of dopaminergic neurons and striatal dopamine content. However, mutant huntingtin mice with normal or lowered BDNF expression show the same decrease in the anterograde transport, number of dopaminergic neurons and nigral volume. In addition, reduced BDNF expression causes decreased dopamine receptor expression in mutant huntingtin mice. Examination of changes in locomotor activity induced by dopamine receptor agonists revealed that, in comparison with R6/1 mice, the double mutant mice exhibit lower activity in response to amphetamine, but not to apomorphine. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that the decreased BDNF expression observed in Huntington's disease exacerbates dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction, which may participate in the motor disturbances associated with this neurodegenerative disorder. Keywords: amphetamine, axonal transport, movement disorders, neuronal dysfunction, neurotrophins, substantia nigra. J. Neurochem. (2005Neurochem. ( ) 93, 1057Neurochem. ( -1068 Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by a progressive and specific loss of neurons. Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by unstable expanded CAG repeats in the 5¢-coding region of the huntingtin (htt) gene (The Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group 1993). The primary brain region affected in HD is the striatum, where a selective degeneration of GABAergic projection neurons occurs. However, neuronal degeneration also extends to other brain areas, including the cerebral cortex, substantia nigra (SN), globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus as the disease progresses (Rubinsztein 2002;Browne and Beal 2004).The important role of the SN dopaminergic system in the control of motor function suggests that dysfunctional dopaminergic transmission may play a role in motor disturbances, the most common feature of HD (Hickey et al. 2002). In fact, reduced expression of dopamine receptors and Received August 6, 2004; revised manuscript received December 10, 2004; accepted December 14, 2004. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr J. Alberch, Departament de Biologia CelAElular i Anatomia Patològica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Casanova, 143 E-08036 Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: alberch@ub.eduAbbreviations used: BDA, biotinylated dextran am...