“…Cell-cell adhesion and the adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM), mediated by the specific binding of receptors and ligands anchored to the apposing surfaces, governs numerous biological processes such as signal transduction, immune responses, cell locomotion, tissue formation, as well as cancer invasion and metastasis (Weikl and Lipowsky, 2004;Krobath et al, 2009;van der Merwe and Dushek, 2011;Benham-Pyle et al, 2015;Chang et al, 2020;Romani et al, 2021). In cell-cell adhesion, both receptors and ligands are laterally mobile, whereas in cell-ECM adhesion, mobile receptors on the cell membranes often bind immobile ligands presented on the apposing surface (Sackmann and Smith, 2014).…”