“…McCoach et al (2006) recently reported that children from low-income families scored, on average, 6.2 point lower on a measure of reading proficiency than children from high-income families across their first two years of school. Racial and ethnic differences are also evident in the growth of children’s reading skills (e.g., Landgren, Kjellman, & Gillberg, 2003; Sanchez, Bledsoe, Sumabat, & Ye, 2004), although, for some children, differences in the quality of education may at least partially explain these achievement discrepancies (e.g., Beron & Farkas 2004; Fryer & Levitt, 2004; Manly, Jacobs, Touradji, Small, & Stern, 2002). Gender also appears to moderate the effect of early reading struggles on children’s reading motivation and skill (e.g., Lepola, 2004; Riordan, 2002).…”