Hispidulin Inhibits Neuroinflammation in Lipopolysaccharide-Activated BV2 Microglia and Attenuates the Activation of Akt, NF-κB, and STAT3 Pathway

Apamin Suppresses LPS-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses by Regulating SK Channels and TLR4-Mediated Signaling Pathways

“…Several studies have suggested that the up-regulation of TNFα, IL1β, IL6, and COX2 plays important roles in many inflammatory diseases including cytotoxicity in brain injuries and many neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, PD, and prion diseases [ 5 , 43 , 44 ]. Thus, many studies have been conducted to find their inhibitors [ 9 , 14 , 15 , 17 , 28 , 31 , 32 ]. Our results showed that APM reduced the expression of TNFα, IL1β, IL6, and COX2 by blocking their expression in LPS-stimulated BV2 and rat primary microglial cells.…”

“…The interaction between LPS and SK channel/TLR4 activates the NF-κB, STAT, and MAPK signaling pathways in microglia [ 8 , 15 , 17 , 31 ]. Activated NF-κB and STAT were reported to play roles in the regulation of neuroinflammatory responses [ 11 , 17 ].…”

“…The potential involvement of NF-κB and STAT3 was investigated because the promoters of both TNFα and IL-6 contain binding sites for NF-κB and STAT3, which are known to be involved in neurological disorders associated with increased inflammation [ 11 , 32 , 48 ]. Recently, several studies have reported that the cell signaling control of these transcription factors inhibits neuroinflammation [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 17 , 28 ]. Our previous studies reported anti-inflammatory effects in dopaminergic neurons, mesencephalic neurons, and BV2 microglial cells through the strong inhibition of NF-κB and STAT3 translocation [ 19 ].…”

“…Microglia are sentinels for LPS-mediated inflammation and are involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses in the CNS [ 9 ]. The interaction between LPS and TLR4 activates inflammation-associated transcription factors, such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. In addition, studies have revealed that the transcription and production of proinflammatory factors in activated microglial cells involve MAPKs [ 14 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Metabolic Impact of Flavonoids Consumption in Obesity: From Central to Peripheral

“…Luteolin administration alleviated neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal insulin resistance as well as improved the Morris water maze (MWM) and step-through task and increased the levels of BDNF [ 373 ]. Other effects of flavones described recently are anxiolytic-like activity [ 374 ], neuroprotection against gamma-radiation [ 375 ] treatment of glioblastoma [ 376 ], amelioration of the hypoxia-reoxygenation injury [ 377 ] or inhibition of the neuroinflammation caused by LPS [ 378 ].…”