Histochemical changes in muscle of individuals with spinal cord injury following functional electrical stimulated exercise training

Chilibeck, PD; Jeon, Justin Y.; Weiss, Christina Barbara; Bell, Gordon J.; Burnham, Robert

doi:10.1038/sj.sc.3100785

Cited by 91 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Following SCI, skeletal muscles below the level of an upper motor neuron lesion undergo marked changes in morphological, 14,15 metabolic 43 and contractile properties. 38 Signi®cant changes in skeletal muscle of people with SCI include a pronounced reduction in the proportion of Type I and Type IIa ®bres, 36,37 reduced capillary density, 47 GLUT-4 47,48 contents and an increment in the proportion of Type IIb ®bres. 35,36 Interestingly, muscle ®bre Type proportion, capillarisation, and GLUT-4 content appear to be correlated with insulin sensitivity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research in our facility has also shown that 8 weeks of training (three times/week, 30 min/time) increased ®bre area and capillary number by 23 and 39%, respectively. 38 Increased capillarisation may result in increased delivery of insulin to muscle, which would increase glucose tolerance. One can therefore speculate that changes in muscle characteristics after the ES-assisted training may have improved insulin sensitivity in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity after electrical stimulation-assisted cycling in people with spinal cord injury

Jeon

Steadward

et al. 2002

Spinal Cord

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Design: Longitudinal training. Objectives: The purpose was to determine the e ect of electrical stimulation (ES)-assisted cycling (30 min/day, 3 days/week for 8 weeks) on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting: The Steadward Centre, Alberta, Canada. Methods: Seven participants with motor complete SCI (®ve males and two females aged 30 to 53 years, injured 3 ± 40 years, C5 ± T10) underwent 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT, n=7) and hyperglycaemic clamp tests (n=3) before and after 8 weeks of training with ESassisted cycling. Results: Results indicated that subjects' glucose level were signi®cantly lower at 2 h OGTT following 8 weeks of training (122.4+10 vs 139.9+16, P=0.014). Two-hour hyperglycaemic clamps tests showed improvement in all three people for glucose utilisation and in two of three people for insulin sensitivity. Conclusions: These results suggested that exercise with ES-assisted cycling is bene®cial for the prevention and treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in people with SCI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity after electrical stimulation-assisted cycling in people with spinal cord injury

Jeon

Steadward

et al. 2002

Spinal Cord

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“…In AB subjects, EMSinduced resistance exercise has been shown to result in increases in muscle size and performance (13,14,41). Studies have also shown that the muscles of SCI patients can respond to EMS-mediated contractile activity with some degree of appropriate adaptation, including a modest hypertrophy (11,17,31,36,38,40). However, the absolute changes in mass seen in longterm SCI subjects tend to be relatively small as a result of the atrophied state of the muscle at the start of training (e.g., Refs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the absolute changes in mass seen in longterm SCI subjects tend to be relatively small as a result of the atrophied state of the muscle at the start of training (e.g., Refs. 17,31,35,36). For example, Mohr et al (36) reported that EMS cycling evoked a 12% increase in cross-sectional area of the quadriceps femoris muscle in SCI subjects.…”

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confidence: 99%

Acute molecular responses of skeletal muscle to resistance exercise in able-bodied and spinal cord-injured subjects

Bickel

Slade

Haddad

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physiology

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. Acute molecular responses of skeletal muscle to resistance exercise in ablebodied and spinal cord-injured subjects. J Appl Physiol 94: 2255-2262. First published February 28, 2003 10.1152/japplphysiol.00014.2003.-Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in muscle atrophy, which contributes to a number of health problems, such as cardiovascular deconditioning, metabolic derangement, and osteoporosis. Electromyostimulation (EMS) holds the promise of ameliorating SCI-related muscle atrophy and, therefore, improving general health. To date, EMS training of long-term SCI subjects has resulted in some muscle hypertrophy but has fallen short of normalizing muscle mass. The aim of this study was to compare the molecular responses of vastus lateralis muscles from able-bodied (AB) and SCI subjects after acute bouts of EMS-induced resistance exercise to determine whether SCI muscles displayed some impairment in response. Analysis included mRNA markers known to be responsive to increased loading in rodent muscles. Muscles of AB and SCI subjects were subjected to EMS-stimulated exercise in two 30-min bouts, separated by a 48-h rest. Needle biopsy samples were obtained 24 h after the second exercise bout. In both the AB and SCI muscles, significant changes were seen in insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 4 and 5, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, and myogenin mRNA levels. In AB subjects, the mRNA for mechano-growth factor was also increased. Before exercise, the total RNA concentration of the SCI muscles was less than that of the AB subjects but not different postexercise. The results of this study indicate that acute bouts of resistance exercise stimulate molecular responses in the skeletal muscles of both AB and SCI subjects. The responses seen in the SCI muscles indicate that the systems that regulate these molecular responses are intact, even after extended periods of muscle unloading. mechano-growth factor; insulin-like growth factor I; insulinlike growth factor binding protein; myogenin INACTIVITY CAN LEAD TO A LOSS of muscle mass and function. Complete spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to inactivation and profound muscle unloading. The muscles of SCI patients are characterized by severe atrophy, as well as extensively altered metabolic and contractile protein profiles (6,19,40). For example, within several months of SCI, muscles and their constituent myofibers can be reduced to ϳ41% of the size of those of able-bodied (AB) individuals (16, 15). The loss in muscle mass and function can contribute to a number of health problems, such as decreased cardiorespiratory fitness, impaired glucose tolerance, and osteoporosis (37, 39).Recognition of potential benefits to be garnered by maintaining or increasing muscle mass in SCI patients has lead to a number of studies aimed at using electromyostimulation (EMS) to induce contractile activity in the muscles of these patients. In AB subjects, EMSinduced resistance exercise has been shown to result in increases in muscle size and performance (13,14,41). Studies have also shown...

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“…Stationary FES-induced semireclined leg cycling (FES-LCE) is used clinically as a form of therapeutic exercise to prevent secondary impairments following SCI injury. [1][2][3] Results from these studies indicate that FES-LCE: (1) increases muscle mass, [4][5][6] (2) improves strength and endurance, [7][8][9] (3) facilitates improvements in function, 7 (4) increases cardiovascular fitness, 7,8,10 (5) improves circulation, 7,8,11 (6) decreases swelling due to edema, 12 (7) reduces rate of bone density loss, 13,14 and (8) reduces lower limb blood pooling. 15,16 These results suggest that FES-induced muscle contraction during cycling exercise can be a valuable clinical rehabilitation tool for individuals with SCI in improving rehabilitation outcome, health, and fitness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinematic analyses of semireclined leg cycling in able-bodied and spinal cord injured individuals

Trumbower

Faghri

2005

Spinal Cord

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Study design: Retrospective descriptive study. Objectives: To evaluate the leg kinematics and motion characteristics within able-bodied (AB) and spinal cord injured (SCI) individuals during stationary semireclined cycling. Setting: Functional Performance Laboratory, Connecticut, USA. Methods: Three SCI and three AB subjects participated in steady-state leg pedaling (50 revolutions per minute). The SCI group participated in electrical stimulation (FES)-induced cycling at resistances of 0, 6.25, and 12.5 Watts (W). The AB group cycled on the same ergometer without FES at resistances of 0, 60, and 120 W. Motion capture analysis recorded joint angular position, velocity, and acceleration at hip, knee, and ankle. Joint kinematics of hip, knee, and ankle were measured during steady-state leg cycling and comparisons were made between AB and SCI subjects as resistance proportionally and relatively increased. Results: Intrasubject hip and knee movement patterns showed minimal variability across resistance levels. Comparisons between AB and SCI subjects showed that the hip and knee kinematics were very similar at all resistance levels. However, ankle movement patterns appeared to increase in variability (increased dorsiflexion) with increased resistance level in AB subjects and less so with SCI subjects. Overall, the ankle kinematics for AB and SCI subjects were dissimilar at resistance levels greater than zero. Conclusions: The joint kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle were found to be periodic, but the differences in ankle kinematics in AB and SCI subjects suggest more emphasise should be placed on the current design of the bike-pedal and subject-specific seat configurations.Spinal Cord (2005) 43, 543-549.

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Histochemical changes in muscle of individuals with spinal cord injury following functional electrical stimulated exercise training

Cited by 91 publications

References 29 publications

Improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity after electrical stimulation-assisted cycling in people with spinal cord injury

Improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity after electrical stimulation-assisted cycling in people with spinal cord injury

Acute molecular responses of skeletal muscle to resistance exercise in able-bodied and spinal cord-injured subjects

Kinematic analyses of semireclined leg cycling in able-bodied and spinal cord injured individuals

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