Histologic Changes in Continuous, Long-Term Electrical Stimulation of a Peripheral Nerve

Hershberg, Philip I.; Sohn, David; Agrawal, Girdhar P.; Kantrowitz, Ádrian

doi:10.1109/tbme.1967.4502479

Cited by 13 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 9 publications

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“…The histological post-mortem examinations showed five nerves with focal démyélinisations, axon losses and subse quent fibrous scarring and two with perineural thickening. Descourset al [2], Hershberg et al [4], and de Villiers et al [11] applied experimen tal electrostimulation to dogs and Breederveld and Zilvold [1] to white New Zealand rabbits. All report frequent and grave nerve degeneration and agree with the fact that the histological tissue rections are caused by mechanical rather than electrolytic factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Long-Term Low Direct Current on Rat Ischiadic Nerves

Rosenkranz¹,

Fenzl²,

Holle

et al. 1986

Stereotact Funct Neurosurg

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The effects of a low direct current on peripheral nerves and electrodes on the ischiadic nerve were investigated, and a constant direct current was applied for various time periods. Afterwards clinicophysiological tests and histological evaluations were performed. The muscles of 55 rats could be stimulated by external stimulation during the follow-up examinations, but 90% of all animals showed microscopically visible nerve tissue alterations which might have been caused by mechanical rather than electrolytic factors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Long-Term Low Direct Current on Rat Ischiadic Nerves

Rosenkranz¹,

Fenzl²,

Holle

et al. 1986

Stereotact Funct Neurosurg

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Motor Prostheses

Mortimer

1981

Comprehensive Physiology

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The sections in this article are: History Perspective Electrochemical Aspects of Stimulation Metal‐Tissue Interface Without Applied Field System for Electrical Excitation Relationship Between Electrode Potential and Charge Density Regulated Voltage vs. Regulated Current Monophasic Stimulation Biphasic Stimulation Summary Tissue Damage Electrode Materials Brain (Surface Electrodes) Nerve (Cuff Electrode) Muscle (Coiled Wire Electrode) Summary Nerve Excitation Membrane Response to Applied Electrical Field Excitation of Myelinated Nerve Threshold Relationship Between Nerve and Muscle Effects of Electrode Configuration on Threshold and Excitation Site Neural Fatigue Summary Electrical Activation of Skeletal Muscle Brief Review of Muscle Physiology Electrical Excitation of Normal Muscle Muscle Alterations Induced by Electrical Activation Force Modulation Summary Clinical Applications Paralyzed Muscle Scoliosis Summary Summary

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Histologic and physiologic evaluation of electrically stimulated peripheral nerve: Considerations for the selection of parameters

et al. 1989

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Helical electrodes were implanted around the left and right common peroneal nerves of cats. Three weeks after implantation one nerve was stimulated for 4-16 hours using charge-balanced, biphasic, constant current pulses. Compound action potentials (CAP) evoked by the stimulus were recorded from over the cauda equina before, during and after the stimulation. Light and electron microscopy evaluations were conducted at various times following the stimulation. The mere presence of the electrode invariably resulted in thickened epineurium and in some cases increased peripheral endoneurial connective tissue beneath the electrodes. Physiologic changes during stimulation included elevation of the electrical threshold of the large axons in the nerve. This was reversed within one week after stimulation at a frequency of 20 Hz, but often was not reversed following stimulation at 50-100 Hz. Continuous stimulation at 50 Hz for 8-16 hours at 400 microA or more resulted in neural damage characterized by endoneurial edema beginning within 48 hours after stimulation, and early axonal degeneration (EAD) of the large myelinated fibers, beginning by 1 week after stimulation. Neural damage due to electrical stimulation was decreased or abolished by reduction of the duration of stimulation, by stimulating at 20 Hz (vs. 50 Hz) or by use of an intermittent duty cycle. These results demonstrate that axons in peripheral nerves can be irreversely damaged by 8-16 hours of continuous stimulation at 50 Hz. However, the extent to which these axons may subsequently regenerate is uncertain. Therefore, protocols for functional electrical stimulation in human patients probably should be evaluated individually in animal studies.

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Histologic Changes in Continuous, Long-Term Electrical Stimulation of a Peripheral Nerve

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

Influence of Long-Term Low Direct Current on Rat Ischiadic Nerves

Influence of Long-Term Low Direct Current on Rat Ischiadic Nerves

Motor Prostheses

Histologic and physiologic evaluation of electrically stimulated peripheral nerve: Considerations for the selection of parameters

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