Histopathology and a real-time PCR assay for detection of Bonamia ostreae in Ostrea edulis cultured in western Canada

Additions to the annotated list of marine alien biota in the Mediterranean with special emphasis on Foraminifera and Parasites

“…Bonamia ostreae is an intracellular haplosporidian parasite in European flat oysters Ostrea edulis that occurs on both coasts of the United States and causes significant mortality in Europe (MARTY et al, 2006); since 1990 Perkinsus atlanticus has been responsible for abnormal mortalities of Ruditapes decussatus in Spain SAGRIST et al, 1996); Marteilia refringens is a haplosporidium protozoan parasite affecting the digestive system of the flat oyster. In Europe this disease is commonly known as Aber disease, digestive gland disease of the European oyster, or marteiliosis.…”

Interlaboratory variability in screening for Bonamia ostreae, a protistan parasite of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis

“…Heart imprints are economical and rapid to make in comparison to the other techniques commonly used (Zabaleta & Barber 1996, O'Neill et al 1998, Carnegie et al 2000, Culloty et al 2003, Culloty & Mulcahy 2007, Lallias & Arzul 2008. The major disadvantages to the use of heart imprints is that Bonamia ostreae, due to its small size (2−5 µm), may go undetected when the infection is light or in its latent period (Carnegie et al 2000, Culloty et al 2003, Da Silva & Villalba 2004, Lynch et al 2008, Bower 2011 and that B. ostreae may be confused with other morphologically similar parasites, such as Mikrocytos mackini and B. exitiosa (Marty et al 2006, Narcisi et al 2010.…”

“…The primary disadvantages of histology are low sensitivity, misidentification of certain pathogens, difficulty in screening larvae and spat and the length of preparation time (Cochennec et al 1992, Carnegie et al 2000, Diggles et al 2003, Balseiro et al 2006, Marty et al 2006.…”

“…Heart imprints are economical and rapid to make in comparison to the other techniques commonly used (Zabaleta & Barber 1996, O'Neill et al 1998, Carnegie et al 2000, Culloty et al 2003, Culloty & Mulcahy 2007, Lallias & Arzul 2008. The major disadvantages to the use of heart imprints is that Bonamia ostreae, due to its small size (2−5 µm), may go undetected when the infection is light or in its latent period (Carnegie et al 2000, Culloty et al 2003, Da Silva & Villalba 2004, Lynch et al 2008, Bower 2011 and that B. ostreae may be confused with other morphologically similar parasites, such as Mikrocytos mackini and B. exitiosa (Marty et al 2006, Narcisi et al 2010.The main advantage of histology over heart im prints is the ability to make observations on the overall health and physiological status of the oyster (Diggles et al 2003, Balseiro et al 2006, Culloty & Mulcahy 2007, Lynch et al 2008. The primary disadvantages of histology are low sensitivity, misidentification of certain pathogens, difficulty in screening larvae and spat and the length of preparation time (Cochennec et al 1992, Carnegie et al 2000, Diggles et al 2003, Balseiro et al 2006, Marty et al 2006.…”

“…The major disadvantages to the use of heart imprints is that Bonamia ostreae, due to its small size (2−5 µm), may go undetected when the infection is light or in its latent period (Carnegie et al 2000, Culloty et al 2003, Da Silva & Villalba 2004, Lynch et al 2008, Bower 2011 and that B. ostreae may be confused with other morphologically similar parasites, such as Mikrocytos mackini and B. exitiosa (Marty et al 2006, Narcisi et al 2010.…”