Histopathology of Avocado Fruit Infected by Avocado Sunblotch Viroid

Vallejo-Pérez, Moisés Roberto; Téliz-Ortiz, Daniel; Torre-Almaráz, Rodolfo De La; Valdovinos-Ponce, Guadalupe; Colinas-León, Ma. Teresa; Nieto-Ángel, Daniel; Ochoa-Martínez, Daniel Leobardo

doi:10.5539/jas.v6n9p158

Cited by 4 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Despite having simple structure, viroids can induce complex physiological disorders in the host and modify its gene expression (Itaya et al 2002;Flores et al 2005). The changes in ethylene production observed in SF-S and AF-R fruits illustrate the effect of the ASBVd, on this hormone responsible for regulating gene expression in the ripening process of avocado (McGarvey et al 1992), additionally to the gradual deterioration of parenchyma cells (Vallejo-Pérez et al 2014). The ethylene delay in AF-R fruits postponed ripening for two days, but in SF-S samples it was even more evident, because 13.3 % of the fruits did not reached a soft texture 10 DAH.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The softening in SF-S fruits was nohomogeneous probably as a result of alterations in ethylene biosynthesis of some fruits (Bower & Cutting 1988). Color alteration of exocarp are result of changes in the structure and conformation of thylakoids affected by ASBVd (Navarro et al 1999;Bonfiglioli et al 1994) so, these alterations affect the chlorophyll content in the cell, resulting in the development of yellowish-white color symptoms, than later turn into purple and reddish color due to the increase in anthocyanin content (Cox et al 2004;Vallejo-Pérez et al 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Viroids sequester host cellular functions in order to complete their infectious cycle and, as a consequence, they trigger plant defense responses that ultimately lead to the development of symptoms possibly via RNA silencing pathways that modulate host gene expression (Navarro et al 2012). Macroscopic symptoms caused by the ASBVd in fruits are the result of anatomical and chemical changes in the structure of the exocarp and mesocarp cells, which are typified by marked cellular disorganization, accumulation of phenolic compounds in the cytoplasm and cell walls, and reduction of cytoplasmic content resulting in cell collapse and death (Vallejo-Pérez et al 2014). Nowadays, there are no reports about the effects of ASBVd in postharvest fruit quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alterations induced by Avocado sunblotch viroid in the postharvest physiology and quality of avocado ‘Hass’ fruit

et al. 2015

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Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) is an economically important pathogen that reduces the yield and quality standards of infected avocado trees. There are no reports on the effects of the viroid in the postharvest quality of avocado fruits. The present study has focused on three phenotypic classes: asymptomatic fruits harvested from vigorous trees (AF-V), asymptomatic fruits harvested from trees of regular vigor (AF-R) and symptomatic fruits harvested from trees expressing the disease (SF-S). The water loss was similar in the three fruit classes. The abnormal firmness condition, skin color and size reduction occurred only in SF-S fruits, which did not ripe uniformly due to reduced CO 2 and ethylene production. The proximal analyses showed no significant differences in the variables analyzed, except for the lipid content and dry matter, which was lower in SF-S and AF-R fruits. ASBVd affects physiology and postharvest quality of symptomatic avocado fruits. In contrast, the ripening process of AF-V and AF-R fruits was normal and their physical characteristics and nutrient input were not altered, therefore, these fruits were classified as Supreme Quality, Extra Size (221-265 g) and Premium (172-210 g) according to the NMX-FF-016-SCFI-2006 standards.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alterations induced by Avocado sunblotch viroid in the postharvest physiology and quality of avocado ‘Hass’ fruit

et al. 2015

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“…Esta enfermedad causa efectos citopáticos y cambios fisiológicos (Di Serio et al, 2013;SaucedoCarabez et al, 2014;Vallejo-Pérez et al, 2014;Saucedo-Carabez et al, 2015;Vallejo-Pérez et al, 2015), que finalmente resultan en frutos de menor tamaño y calidad externa e interna, y con menor rendimiento de fruto. En los frutos, los daños severos incluyen heridas deprimidas en su superficie que varían desde un color amarillo hasta manchas necróticas (Desjardins, 1987).…”

Section: Palabras Clave: Avocado Sunblotch Viroid Persea Americana unclassified

“…Avocado sunblotch causes cytopathic effects and physiological changes (Di Serio et al, 2013;Saucedo-Carabez et al, 2014;Vallejo-Pérez et al, 2014;Saucedo-Carabez et al, 2015;Vallejo-Pérez et al, 2015) that result in smaller fruit, low external and internal quality and reduced yield. Severe damages on fruit include depressed wounds on the surface with yellow to necrotic spots (Desjardins, 1987).…”

Section: Palabras Clave: Avocado Sunblotch Viroid Persea Americana mentioning

confidence: 99%

Expresión diferencial de genes de defensa en aguacate en respuesta a la infección del viroide de la mancha de sol del aguacate

López-Rivera

Ramírez-Ramírez

González-Hernández

et al. 2017

RMF

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Resumen. En aguacate se ha demostrado la participación de proteínas relacionadas con patogénesis en la defensa contra algunos de sus patógenos más importantes. Sin embargo, en la enfermedad de la mancha de sol del aguacate causada por el Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) aún quedan algunos componentes de la respuesta de defensa por aclarar. En particular, la infección por ASBVd puede ser asintomática o causar síntomas, lo cual genera incógnitas sobre el mecanismo de defensa de la planta. En esta investigación se analiza la expresión de genes codificantes de proteínas de defensa, Abstract. Involvement of pathogenesis related

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Pest categorisation of the avocado sunblotch viroid

Bragard¹,

Baptista²,

Chatzivassiliou³

et al. 2023

EFS2

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The EFSA Panel on Plant Health conducted a pest categorisation of the avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) for the EU. The identity of ASBVd, a member of the genus Avsunviroid (family Avsunviroidae) is clearly defined and detection and identification methods are available. The pathogen is not included in the EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072. ASBVd has been reported in Australia, Ghana, Guatemala, Israel, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, USA (California, Florida) and Venezuela. In the EU, it has been reported in Greece (Crete Island) and Spain. The pathogen could establish in the EU wherever avocado (Persea americana) is grown. The only known natural host of ASBVd is avocado to which it causes the severe ‘avocado sunblotch’ disease, characterised by white, yellow, red or necrotic depressed areas or scars on the fruit surface, bleached veins and petioles of the leaf, and rectangular cracking patterns in the bark of the old branches. Fruit yield and quality are severely diminished. ASBVd infects under experimental conditions a few more species in the family Lauraceae. The viroid is naturally transmitted at an extremely high rate by seeds (up to 100% in asymptomatically infected trees), but with a low efficiency by pollen (only to the produced seeds), and possibly through root grafts. Plants for planting, including seeds, and fresh avocado fruits were identified as the most relevant pathways for further entry of ASBVd into the EU. Avocado crops are cultivated in southern EU countries. Should the pest further enter and establish in the EU, impact on the production of avocado is expected. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent entry and spread of the viroid in the EU. ASBVd fulfils the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest.

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Histopathology of Avocado Fruit Infected by Avocado Sunblotch Viroid

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Alterations induced by Avocado sunblotch viroid in the postharvest physiology and quality of avocado ‘Hass’ fruit

Alterations induced by Avocado sunblotch viroid in the postharvest physiology and quality of avocado ‘Hass’ fruit

Expresión diferencial de genes de defensa en aguacate en respuesta a la infección del viroide de la mancha de sol del aguacate

Pest categorisation of the avocado sunblotch viroid

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