Histophysiology of thymic epithelial reticular cells.

Savino, Wilson; G, Santarosa

doi:10.1679/aohc.45.139

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…They are thymulin, thymosin, thymopoietin (thymopentin), and thymic humoral factor (THF). These thymic hormones are synthesized and secreted by the epithelial cells [9]. Each hormone is produced by these cells, which also synthesizes cytokines, as IL-1 and 6, G-CSF, GM-CSF [9], which also have a role in thymocyte differentiation.…”

Section: Self-hormones Of the Thymus And Their Effects On Immune Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immunoendocrine Thymus as a Pacemaker of Lifespan

Csaba¹

2016

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica

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The thymus develops from an endocrine area of the foregut, and retains the ancient potencies of this region. However, later it is populated by bone marrow originated lymphatic elements and forms a combined organ, which is a central part of the immune system as well as an influential element of the endocrine orchestra. Thymus produces self-hormones (thymulin, thymosin, thymopentin, and thymus humoral factor), which are participating in the regulation of immune cell transformation and selection, and also synthesizes hormones similar to that of the other endocrine glands such as melatonin, neuropeptides, and insulin, which are transported by the immune cells to the sites of requests (packed transport). Thymic (epithelial and immune) cells also have receptors for hormones which regulate them. This combined organ, which is continuously changing from birth to senescence seems to be a pacemaker of life. This function is basically regulated by the selection of self-responsive thymocytes as their complete destruction helps the development (up to puberty) and their gradual release in case of weakened control (after puberty) causes the erosion of cells and intercellular material, named aging. This means that during aging, self-destructive and non-protective immune activities are manifested under the guidance of the involuting thymus, causing the continuous irritation of cells and organs. Possibly the pineal body is the main regulator of the pacemaker, the neonatal removal of which results in atrophy of thymus and wasting disease and its later corrosion causes the insufficiency of thymus. The co-involution of pineal and thymus could determine the aging and the time of death without external intervention; however, external factors can negatively influence both of them.

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Section: Self-hormones Of the Thymus And Their Effects On Immune Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immunoendocrine Thymus as a Pacemaker of Lifespan

Csaba¹

2016

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica

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“…Many endogenous factors produced by the TG have been identified, but the most important among them are thymulin, thymosin, thymopoietin (also called thymin), and thymic humoral factor [63]. These hormones are produced by epithelial cells, which also synthetize cytokines, such as IL-1 and IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and granulocyte colony stimulating factor, which play an important role in thymocyte differentiation.…”

Section: Thymic Factors and Their Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymus-Pineal Gland Axis: Revisiting Its Role in Human Life and Ageing

Rezzani

Franco

Hardeland

et al. 2020

IJMS

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For years the thymus gland (TG) and the pineal gland (PG) have been subject of increasingly in-depth studies, but only recently a link that can associate the activities of the two organs has been identified. Considering, on the one hand, the well-known immune activity of thymus and, on the other, the increasingly emerging immunological roles of circadian oscillators and the rhythmically secreted main pineal product, melatonin, many studies aimed to analyse the possible existence of an interaction between these two systems. Moreover, data confirmed that the immune system is functionally associated with the nervous and endocrine systems determining an integrated dynamic network. In addition, recent researches showed a similar, characteristic involution process both in TG and PG. Since the second half of the 20th century, evidence led to the definition of an effectively interacting thymus-pineal axis (TG-PG axis), but much has to be done. In this sense, the aim of this review is to summarize what is actually known about this topic, focusing on the impact of the TG-PG axis on human life and ageing. We would like to give more emphasis to the implications of this dynamical interaction in a possible therapeutic strategy for human health. Moreover, we focused on all the products of TG and PG in order to collect what is known about the role of peptides other than melatonin. The results available today are often unclear and not linear. These peptides have not been well studied and defined over the years. In this review we hope to awake the interest of the scientific community in them and in their future pharmacological applications.

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“…In addition, the correlation between age-related alterations in neuroendocrine control and age-associated conditions and diseases is unquestionable (5). In particular, the co-involution of lin, thymosins, thymopoetin, thymic humoral factor), which modulate various immune and non-immune responses of the organism, angiogenesis, cellrepairment (10), hemostasis, and coagulation (11). Evidence that thymic hormones influence the pineal synthesis of melatonin is also available (12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the thymus and pineal gland on immunity and aging

Hachmeriyan

Pashalieva²,

Stefanovа³

2022

SSM

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The thymus and pineal gland (epiphysis) are endocrine glands with pivotal role in the maintenance of normal physiological processes. Their hormonal activity has been the subject of many studies, but on most occasions, each gland has been considered separately. Surveys that identify the link between these two glands, as well as the connection between their hormones, appeared only recently. The growing body of data about the morphology and the functions of the thymus and epiphysis reveals not only the bi-directional links between these glands but also common involutionary mechanisms. The immune activity of the thymus is wellknown, and the results indicate that melatonin has significant immunomodulatory potential as well. The hormones of both glands play a role in the antioxidant and antitumor defense of the organism, as well as in the hemostasis processes. Some studies confirm the existence of a functional relationship between the endocrine, immune, and nervous systems and the contribution of thymic and pineal hormones to its establishment. The association between thymus and epiphysis is important not only for the normal immune response but also for the regulation of aging and the occurrence of age-related conditions and diseases.

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Histophysiology of thymic epithelial reticular cells.

Cited by 11 publications

References 41 publications

The Immunoendocrine Thymus as a Pacemaker of Lifespan

The Immunoendocrine Thymus as a Pacemaker of Lifespan

Thymus-Pineal Gland Axis: Revisiting Its Role in Human Life and Ageing

Influence of the thymus and pineal gland on immunity and aging

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