Historia de la Natación II: Desde el Renacimiento hasta la aparición y consolidación de los actuales estilos de competición

Abstract

Con el Renacimiento resurge el arte de nadar en Europa y se publican los primeros textos dedicados a la Natación, destacando Colymbetes (1538) de Wynman, De Arte Natandi (1587) de Digby y, con posterioridad, L´Art de Nager (1696) de Thevenot. En el s.XVII surgirán dos escuelas antagónicas: la seguidora de G. Muts que preconizaba una fase inicial de ejercicios en seco y la Natación natural de O. de Bernardi y H. Ladebeck. En el s.XIX tres grandes motivos popularizan la Natación a todos los estratos sociales: (a) las grandes travesías a nado, especialmente la del canal de la Mancha, (b) la importancia que los militares vuelven a darle a la Natación en la formación de los soldados y (c) la aparición de los primeros clubs, piscinas y primeras competiciones. Con el espaldarazo definitivo que supuso la reaparición de los J.J.O.O., se llega a la situación actual, con cuatro estilos de competición que evolucionaron notablemente durante el s.XX. En las últimas décadas de dicho siglo, quedaron establecidos los modelos técnicos de nado de los cuatro estilos de competición.Palabras clave: actividad acuática, ejercicio físico, arte, estilo de natación HISTORY OF SWIMMING II: SINCE RENAISSENCE TO THE APPEARANCE AND CONSOLIDATION OF CURRENT COMPETITIVE STROKES With the Renaissance, the art of swimming revived in Europe and the first texts dedicated to swimming were published, highlighting Colymbetes (1538) of Wynman, De Arte Natandi (1587) of Digby, and thereafter, L'Art de Nager (1696) of Thevenot. In the eighteenth century two opposig methods emerge: G. Muts method advocated an initial phase with dry land exercises and natural swimming method of O. de Bernardi and H. Ladebeck. In the nineteenth century three major reasons popularized swimming to all social strata: (a) large swimming trips, especially the English Channel, (b) the military significance of swimming and (c) the emergence of clubs, swimming pools and firsts championships. With the return of the Olympic Games, we get to the current situation, with four racing styles that evolved significantly over the twentieth century. In the last decades of this century were established the technical models of the four racing swimming strokes.Key words: aquatic activity, physical exercise, art, swimming stroke

Significance of Water in the Life and Death of the Christian Man: History of Swimming and Water Rescue

“…Another book based on Digby's was the one written by Melichedech Thevenot published in 1696 and was entitled "L'Art de Nager". This was the most influential Swimming manual for the next two centuries (Llana et al, 2012). We also name Légrand (Légrand, 1998) who described the symbolic nature of the relationships between the act of swimming, its practices and the imaginaries of the human condition.…”

“…From the aspect of the history of rescue with a symbolism of "swimming to save oneself", the pedagogue Comenius (1592-1670) considered in the work Orbis Pictus the importance of knowing how to swim as an act of survival that every subject must learn (Plá-Clampás, 2015). Later in 1798 according to Llana, Pérez, Del Valle, and Sala (Llana et al, 2012), Guts Muths wrote in Kleines Lehrbuch der Schwimmkunst zum Selbstunterrichte (Small Manual of the Art of Swimming): "Until now, drowning has been fashionable, and it is because swimming has not yet become fashionable".…”