Historic Redlining and Urban Health Today in U.S. Cities

Nardone, Anthony; Chiang, Joey; Corburn, Jason

doi:10.1089/env.2020.0011

Cited by 161 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…While street network connectivity may be an indicator that a neighborhood is walkable or bikeable, other neighborhood variables, such as the presence and quality of sidewalks and bike lanes or a composite score of the density of neighborhood attributes of interest, diversity of land use, street design, and accessibility to destination of interest, may be better indicators of neighborhood walkability (Freeman et al 2013 ). Also, the effects of historic and present-day neighborhood segregation and social vulnerability [factors that weaken a neighborhood’s ability to respond to hazardous events such as injury (CDC/ATSDR SVI Fact Sheet|Place and Health|ATSDR 2021 )] on SRI should be examined as these factors have been found to be associated with other health outcomes and health behaviors including physical inactivity and obesity (Nardone et al 2020a , 2020b ; Krieger et al 2020 ; An and Xiang 2015 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood risk factors for sports and recreational injuries: a systematic review of studies applying multilevel modeling techniques

Ogunmayowa

Baker

2022

Inj. Epidemiol.

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Background Sports and recreational activities are the most commonly reported cause of injury-related emergency department (ED) visits among children and young adults in developed countries, yet studies about the effect of neighborhood environment on sports and recreational injuries (SRI) are very limited. The aim of this study was to systematically review studies that apply multilevel modeling approach in examining the relationships between SRI and neighborhood-level risk factors. Data sources A systematic search of peer reviewed English language articles was conducted in four electronic databases including PubMed (1992–2020), CINAHL (2000–2020), Sports Medicine and Education Index (1996–2020), and Web of Science (1991–2020). Study selection Selected studies were observational or experimental studies of people of all ages across the world that assessed neighborhood risk factors for SRI (or all injuries including SRI) using multilevel regression analysis. Data synthesis Nine studies—five cross-sectional, two prospective cohort, and two incidence studies—were selected out of a potential 1510. Six studies used secondary data and three used primary data. Only three studies examined SRI as the main or one of the main outcomes. These studies showed that neighborhood-level factors, such as higher socioeconomic context, lower street connectivity, and living or attending schools in urban communities, were associated with increased risk of SRI. Most studies did not provide a justification for the use of multilevel regression and the multilevel analytical procedure employed and quantities reported varied. The Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies (National Institutes of Health) was used to assess the quality or risk of bias of each study. Four quality assessment criteria out of 15 were met by all nine studies. The quality assessment ratings of the reviewed studies were not correlated with the quality of information reported for the multilevel models. Conclusion Findings from this review provide evidence that neighborhood-level factors, in addition to individual-level factors, should be taken into consideration when developing public health policies for injury prevention. Considering the limited numbers of studies that were identified by this systematic review, more multilevel studies are needed to strengthen this evidence in order to better inform SRI prevention policy decisions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood risk factors for sports and recreational injuries: a systematic review of studies applying multilevel modeling techniques

Ogunmayowa

Baker

2022

Inj. Epidemiol.

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“…As previously mentioned, studies have suggested that racially/ethnically minoritized groups may be displaced after urban greening, not just because of the raise in property prices, but also because of the culture and social changes and loss of sense of community that may accompany greening [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. The processes underlying such demographic shifts are complex and relate to historical and ongoing cultural, societal, and economic factors including redlining and structural racism, with links to human health and urban infrastructure [ 60 , 61 ]. As such, previous studies have revealed that involving the community through participation and education may stimulate a greater sense of community belonging [ 62 , 63 , 64 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Displacement of Racially and Ethnically Minoritized Groups after the Installation of Stormwater Control Measures (i.e., Green Infrastructure): A Case Study of Washington, DC

Chan

Son

Bell

2021

IJERPH

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Stormwater control measures (SCMs) (i.e., green infrastructure) are advantageous methods of stormwater management. However, studies suggest that urban greening may be associated with gentrification, displacing racially/ethnically minoritized groups due to increased housing costs and loss of feelings of belonging. We studied displacement of racially/ethnically minoritized groups after SCM installation in Washington, DC. We compared the change in percentage of persons in racial/ethnic groups at the Census block group level with varying levels of SCM installation (i.e., area-weighted SCM count at 300 m buffer). We stratified findings by SCM type, pre-installation income, and SCM size. DC installed a higher density of SCMs in areas with a higher percentage of Black and/or Hispanic/Latino residents. Nonetheless, findings suggest SCM installation is associated with displacement of Black residents. The percentage of residents who are Black decreased by 2.2% [95% Confidence Interval: 1.7, 2.7] and 4.1% [95% Confidence Interval: 3.4, 4.8] after low and high levels of SCM installation, respectively. In turn, the change in percentage of residents who are White increased with increasing levels of SCM installation. Compared to ecological studies on SCMs, studies about social impacts are scarce. This research intends to help optimize SCM installations so more residents can enjoy their health, economic, and ecological benefits.

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“…Overall, the focus on tonnage includes some noncoastal ports that would not have been included. From an environmental justice perspective, this is an important decision because many of the Midwestern cities have been deeply involved in environmental justice concerns (Greenberg, 2009; Hirsch, 1983; Nardone, Chiang, & Corburn, 2020; Sprague, 1996).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ports and Environmental Justice in the United States: An Exploratory Statistical Analysis

Greenberg

2021

Risk Analysis

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A screening environmental justice analysis was conducted of 50 United States ports that manage more than 10 million tons of products. Using the U.S. EPA's EJSCREEN tool, the author examined seven demographic and 11 environmental metrics at distances of 2, 5, and 10 miles from the port centroids. The 2‐mile zones were found to have higher values for 13 of the 18 environmental inequity indicators, including all three measures of air toxics, fine particles, proximity to hazardous waste sites, and facilities with risk management plans, as well as indicators of low socioeconomic status and minority populations. With ports expanding, the author discusses the need for maintaining and upgrading EPA's screening tool and considers that alternative futures for port neighborhoods depend upon the strength of their civic groups and elected officials, the role of their government port authorities, and civic values of their commercial users.

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Historic Redlining and Urban Health Today in U.S. Cities

Cited by 161 publications

References 7 publications

Neighborhood risk factors for sports and recreational injuries: a systematic review of studies applying multilevel modeling techniques

Neighborhood risk factors for sports and recreational injuries: a systematic review of studies applying multilevel modeling techniques

Displacement of Racially and Ethnically Minoritized Groups after the Installation of Stormwater Control Measures (i.e., Green Infrastructure): A Case Study of Washington, DC

Ports and Environmental Justice in the United States: An Exploratory Statistical Analysis

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