Historical and contemporary views on cholera transmission: are we repeating past discussions? Can lessons learned from cholera be applied to COVID‐19?

Jensen, Peter Kjær Mackie; Grant, Stephen Lawrence; Perner, Mads Linnet; Hossain, Zenat Zebin; Ferdous, Jannatul; Sultana, Rebeca; Almeida, Sara; Phelps, Matthew; Begum, Anowara

doi:10.1111/apm.13102

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…It is caused by Vibrio cholera serogroup O1 and O139. [1,2], however the current outbreak showed that O139 is more virulent than O1 serotype. The disease has very short incubation period i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

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A Massive Cholera Outbreak in Shaheed Benazir Abad, Sindh, Pakistan

Mehraj

Dass

Hussain

et al. 2022

IJTDH

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Background: A team of Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training fellows were deputed to investigate the cholera outbreak reported from Village Laiq Rahoo Taluka Daulat Pur of district Shaheed Benazir Abad on 14 June 2016 after reporting of 56 diarrheal cases from the district. Methods: The study was conducted from 15-19 June 2016. A case was defined any person who has presented with 3 or more episodes of watery stools or vomiting since last day, with or without; fever, nausea, abdominal cramps, blood or mucous in stool. Active case search was conducted in village. A case control study was carried out preceded by descriptive study. Data was collected on pretested questionniare. Environmental assessment was done. Stool samples were sent to National Institute of Health, Islamabad. Results: A total of 132 diarrheal cases were identified with Case Fatality Rate of 3%. Age range was 1 year to 60 years (Mean=18 years). Of all casaes males were 73 (56%). Population of village was 3308, so the overall attack rate was 4%. Commonly affected age group was 30-34 years with attack rate of 11% (22/206). Diarrhea n=132 (100%) and vomiting n=47 (45%) were leading symptoms among cases. Water source near the toilets < less than 10 feet> (OR: 11, 95% CI: 6-20, p: <0.001), Eating from common OR=7.3, 95% CI: 4.2-12.6, p<0.001) were the factors associated with outbreak. Vibrio Cholera was detected in 3 out of 5 stool samples and 4 out of 5 water samples revealed coliforms. Conclusion: Diarrhea outbreak was likely due to close proximity of water and sewage sources. It is recommended that hand pump should be installed away from toilets.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…[5] Moreover 1.3 to 4 million cases of cholera cases occur worldwide each year, out of which 21000 to 143,000 infected people die due to complication. [6] The reporting of cholera cases, always remained biased due to fear of international embargo, from most of countries of world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Massive Cholera Outbreak in Shaheed Benazir Abad, Sindh, Pakistan

Mehraj

Dass

Hussain

et al. 2022

IJTDH

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“…In addition, cross-contamination or recontamination of water from unpolluted water sources at the point of use for hygiene purposes in the household might be an overlooked driver for cholera transmission behavior. 11,13,24,25,29 Open defecation behavior. Increased rates in open defecation practices among children during the monsoon season in all study areas are concerning, especially considering the risk of rainwater transporting feces to new sites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Seasonal Hazards on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene–Related Behavior and Implications for Cholera Transmission in Bangladesh

Grant

Lange

Almeida

et al. 2023

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Most cholera outbreaks in Bangladesh are seasonal, peaking in the dry and post-monsoon periods. Therefore, we investigated whether changes in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) behavior in three populations in Bangladesh during the year could help explain why these two periods are particular to cholera transmission. The study used a mixed-method design, including a repeated cross-sectional study, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Through a repeated cross-sectional study, WASH-related variables were assessed during the dry, monsoon, and control seasons in 600 households from coastal Satkhira, inland Sirajganj, and the Dhaka slums. Seasonal behavioral changes were observed in all study areas. Dhaka and Satkhira had an increased mean distance to water sources during the dry and monsoon seasons (Dhaka: control season, 12 m [95% CI, 11–13]; dry season, 36 m [95% CI, 18–55]; and monsoon season, 180 m [95% CI, 118–243]; Satkhira: control season, 334 m [95% CI, 258–411]; dry season, 669 m [95% CI, 515–822]; and monsoon season, 2,437 m [95% CI, 1,665–3,209]). The participants attributed this to pollution of the usual water source. Perceived water quantity was lowest during the dry season in Dhaka and Sirajganj, and during the monsoon season in Satkhira. Handwashing with soap declined in all areas during the dry and monsoon seasons. Open defecation was frequent among children younger than 5 years, increasing during seasonal climate hazards. Results show that WASH-related behavior changed seasonally, increasing the risk of cholera transmission through multiple hygiene-related transmission pathways. Future research would benefit by ensuring that the length of studies covers all seasons throughout the year and also by looking in more detail at people’s behavior and hygiene practices.

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“…Medical history teaching is essential in preparing young HCWs in managing future pandemics. 7,[73][74][75]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attacks on Health Care Workers in Historical Pandemics and COVID-19

Stekelenburg

Cauwer

Barten

et al. 2022

Disaster med. public health prep.

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Previous pandemics have been (mis)used for (geo)political reasons, for terrorism purposes and in times of conflict. COVID-19 has been no exception with populist politicians challenging the relations with China calling it the ‘Chinese virus’, certain state actors setting up cyberterrorist actions against health care organizations in the United States and Europe, and a reported increase of violent acts against health care workers. Aside from state-driven factors, both left- and right-wing activists and anti-vaccination activists adhering to conspiracy theories are a threat for health care organizations. Furthermore, socioeconomic, religious and cultural factors play a role in why health care is a possible target of violence. Fear of viral pathogens, fury about financial losses due to the pandemic and governmental measures such as lockdowns, anger because of mandatory quarantines, and the disruption of burial rituals are amongst the reasons for people to revolt against health care providers. Here, we provide a narrative review of the impact of violence against health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and earlier pandemics, and suggest preventative strategies.

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Historical and contemporary views on cholera transmission: are we repeating past discussions? Can lessons learned from cholera be applied to COVID‐19?

Cited by 14 publications

References 48 publications

A Massive Cholera Outbreak in Shaheed Benazir Abad, Sindh, Pakistan

A Massive Cholera Outbreak in Shaheed Benazir Abad, Sindh, Pakistan

Influence of Seasonal Hazards on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene–Related Behavior and Implications for Cholera Transmission in Bangladesh

Attacks on Health Care Workers in Historical Pandemics and COVID-19

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