Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe

Costello, Eugene; Svensson, Eva

doi:10.4324/9781351213394

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Transhumance to these reserve pastures was an important part 371 of historic wetland management to maximize short-and long-term benefits and to balance forage 372 availability on a regional scale (Szabadfalvi, 1971;Mód, 2003;Belényesi, 2012). Seasonal patterns 373 of transhumance, including movement of sheep, pigs, cattle, and horses to floodplain wetlands 374 during winter (Maior, 1911;Szabadfalvi, 1971;Mód, 2003) or for feeding animals (cattle or pigs) 375 before taking them to market (Neugebauer et al, 2005), were similar to those known from other 376 European landscapes (Poschlod, 2015;Costello and Svensson, 2018). or in spring, when there were young, tender shoots of reed (Morvay, 1940;Györffy, 1941;Varga, 390 1994).…”

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confidence: 63%

“…It may be stated that nowadays the livestock breeds, the herders and the social 460 environment that sustained such historical wetland grazing practices no longer exist. In the 21st 461 century, however, there is an increasing demand for nature-friendly farming and extensive free-range 462 animal husbandry, which often results in entirely extensive grazing practices (Flade et al, 2006;463 Duncan, 2012;Varga et al, 2016;Costello and Svensson, 2018). An opportunity exists to develop 464 innovative wetland-grazing regimes that function as appropriate conservation management practices.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Reviewing historical traditional knowledge for innovative conservation management: A re-evaluation of wetland grazing

Biró

Molnár

Babai

et al. 2019

Science of The Total Environment

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21 6 Cattle herder, 5321 Kunmadaras, Széchenyi u. 7., Hungary 22 7 Shepherd, 4251 Hajdúsámson, Liszt Ferenc u. 9., Hungary 23 Abstract 29Wetlands are fragile, dynamic systems, transient at larger temporal scales and strongly affected 30 by long-term human activities. Sustaining at least some aspects of human management, particularly 31 traditional grazing, would be especially important as a way of maintaining the "necessary" 32 disturbances for many endangered species. Traditional ecological knowledge represents an important 33 source of information for erstwhile management practices. Our objective was to review historical 34 traditional knowledge on wetland grazing and the resulting vegetation response in order to assess 35 their relevance to biodiversity conservation. 36 We studied the Pannonian biogeographic region and its neighborhood in Central Europe and 37 searched ethnographic, local historical, early botanical, and agrarian sources for historical traditional 38 knowledge in online databases and books. The findings were analyzed and interpreted by scientist, 39 nature conservationist and traditional knowledge holder (herder) co-authors alike. 40 Among the historical sources reviewed, we found 420 records on traditional wetland grazing, 41 mainly from the period 1720-1970. Data showed that wetlands in the region served as basic grazing 42 areas, particularly for cattle and pigs. We found more than 500 mentions of habitat categories and 43 383 mentions of plants consumed by livestock. The most important reasons for keeping livestock on 44 wetlands were grazing, stock wintering, and surviving forage gap periods in early spring or mid-late 45 summer. Besides grazing, other commonly mentioned effects on vegetation were trampling and 46 uprooting. The important outcomes were vegetation becoming patchy and remaining low in height, 47 tall-growing dominant species being suppressed, litter being removed, and microhabitats being 48 created such as open surfaces of mud and water. 49 These historical sources lay firm foundations for developing innovative nature conservation 50 management methods. Traditional herders still holding wetland management knowledge could 51 contribute to this process when done in a participatory way, fostering knowledge co-production. 52 53 3 Keywords: effect of livestock grazing, knowledge gap, knowledge co-production, traditional 54 ecological knowledge, vegetation structure 55 56

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confidence: 63%

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confidence: 99%

Reviewing historical traditional knowledge for innovative conservation management: A re-evaluation of wetland grazing

Biró

Molnár

Babai

et al. 2019

Science of The Total Environment

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“…A representative survey of sheep populations using the Illumina Ovine 50 K genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel [22] revealed a clear geographic differentiation, but also a high degree of historic admixture. Especially for Spanish breeds [22], this has been stimulated by seasonal transhumant migrations [23]. Current patterns of genetic diversity have been interpreted in historic and environmental terms, for example in Switzerland [24], mainland Italy [25,26], Sicily [27], Belgium [28], France [19], the Pyrenean region [29], Spain [30], Greece [31], Wales [32], Russia [33], Nepal [34], China [35,36], Iran [37], north Africa [38,39], South Africa [40], Ethiopia [41,42], New-Zealand [43] and the Carribean region [44] and Merino sheep generally [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the origin of European sheep as revealed by the diversity of the Balkan breeds and by optimizing population-genetic analysis tools

et al. 2020

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Background: In the Neolithic, domestic sheep migrated into Europe and subsequently spread in westerly and northwesterly directions. Reconstruction of these migrations and subsequent genetic events requires a more detailed characterization of the current phylogeographic differentiation. Results: We collected 50 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiles of Balkan sheep that are currently found near the major Neolithic point of entry into Europe, and combined these data with published genotypes from southwest-Asian, Mediterranean, central-European and north-European sheep and from Asian and European mouflons. We detected clines, ancestral components and admixture by using variants of common analysis tools: geography-informative supervised principal component analysis (PCA), breed-specific admixture analysis, across-breed f 4 profiles and phylogenetic analysis of regional pools of breeds. The regional Balkan sheep populations exhibit considerable genetic overlap, but are clearly distinct from the breeds in surrounding regions. The Asian mouflon did not influence the differentiation of the European domestic sheep and is only distantly related to present-day sheep, including those from Iran where the mouflons were sampled. We demonstrate the occurrence, from southeast to northwest Europe, of a continuously increasing ancestral component of up to 20% contributed by the European mouflon, which is assumed to descend from the original Neolithic domesticates. The overall patterns indicate that the Balkan region and Italy served as post-domestication migration hubs, from which wool sheep reached Spain and north Italy with subsequent migrations northwards. The documented dispersal of Tarentine wool sheep during the Roman period may have been part of this process. Our results also reproduce the documented 18th century admixture of Spanish Merino sheep into several central-European breeds.

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“…The pastoral system implemented and spread by Wallachians was similar to other transhumance systems practiced around the world since animals were first domesticated, adopted and developed in different mountain areas in Europe [16]. The tradition of transhumance was common to all Mediterranean countries and for human and physical reasons was fully developed in the Iberian Peninsula [17].…”

Section: Pastoralism In the Silesian Beskids: History And Presentmentioning

confidence: 88%

The Pastoralism in the Silesian Beskids (South Poland): In the Past and Today

Salachna¹,

Kobiela-Mendrek²,

Kohut³

et al. 2022

Sheep Farming - Herds Husbandry, Management System, Reproduction and Improvement of Animal Health

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The Silesian Beskids (Poland), the westernmost part of the Carpathian Mountains is an area with long pastoral tradition. For centuries sheep grazed in clearings located among forested ridges have been an integral part of the mountain landscape and pastoral customs have become essential elements of regional cultural heritage. In the chapter, the history and the current state of pastoralism in the Silesian Beskids are presented. The specific pastoral system developed in the region, based on annual migration of flocks between summer highland and winter lowland pastures is described. Local breeds and specific regional sheep products are depicted. Furthermore, the importance of pastoralism for the environment, landscape and plant biodiversity is analysed and efforts to recover sheep grazing in the mountains after a period of a deep recession caused by social and economic transitions connected with the collapse of the communist system are presented. The approach to restoration of pastoralism is illustrated using a case study of a pastoral centre which combines traditional sheep grazing with cheese production, education and several activities to promote pastoral tradition.

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Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe

Cited by 21 publications

References 6 publications

Reviewing historical traditional knowledge for innovative conservation management: A re-evaluation of wetland grazing

Reviewing historical traditional knowledge for innovative conservation management: A re-evaluation of wetland grazing

On the origin of European sheep as revealed by the diversity of the Balkan breeds and by optimizing population-genetic analysis tools

The Pastoralism in the Silesian Beskids (South Poland): In the Past and Today

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