Historical aspects of water quality control in Russia. To the 150th anniversary of the first Zemstvo sanitary station and the 100th anniversary of the establisment of the State sanitary epidemiological service (literature review)

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the history of water quality control in Russia in connection with the 150th anniversary of the establishment of the first Zemstvo sanitary station and the 100th anniversary of the publication of the Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars “On sanitary authorities of the Republic”. A historical retrospective analysis of publications was carried out using the database of the Russian Scientific Electronic Library eLibrary.Ru, integrated with the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), and reports from the collections of the scientific library of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov. The data on the creation of the first Perm Zemstvo sanitary station in Russia and the conduct of original scientific research on the use of chemical and bacteriological methods of water quality control in it are presented. The achievements of Russian scientists in the field of establishing sanitary protection zones of water sources and the role of oil pollution of rivers are shown. The significance of the Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars “On sanitary bodies of the Republic” issued in 1922 in the legislative regulation of drinking water quality is determined. The activity of the bodies of the sanitary service of the Red Army to ensure adequate water supply in order to preserve the combat capability of the troops during the Great Patriotic War has been studied. A list of regulatory documents determining the quality of drinking water from 1945 to 2021 is presented, an analysis of new modern methods of quality control is carried out, the main requirements for which are expressiveness, reproducibility, accessibility. Conclusion. The creation of the first Zemstvo sanitary station and the State Sanitary Service in Russia served as the basis for the development of methods for monitoring the quality of drinking water, which went from the initial methods of assessing organoleptic indicators to the use of quantitative standards and the creation of innovative high-tech methods for studying it.