Historical Biogeography of Earwigs

Abstract

The Dermaptera are an insect order exhibiting their highest diversity in the tropical areas of the southern hemisphere. This pattern has been considered a reflection of a Gondwanan origin. However, this hypothesis has not been tested through analytical methods. In this paper, the world distribution of earwigs was analysed by using the ‘Cladistic Analysis of Distributions and Endemism’ (CADE), a method which groups areas of endemism on the basis of shared distributions and phylogenetic relationships among taxa. In addition, clustering techniques were applied to depict biotic relationships based on similarity indices. Results of CADE support the idea that Gondwanan fragmentation exerted a crucial role in shaping the current distribution of the main clades of earwigs. However, the relationships between India with South East Asia suggested a biotic interchange occurred after the Indian collision with the Eurasian plate. The overall scenario emerging from cluster analyses revealed a strong influence of dispersal events. Overall, the distribution of earwig major clades indicates that their biogeographical history was mainly characterized by vicariance events (led by the break-up of Gondwana) followed by large scale dispersal processes constrained by the Himalayan orogenesis and the presence of colder temperatures, which have largely hampered the colonization of the northern hemisphere.

Macroecology of Dung Beetles in Italy

“…To depict inter-regional biogeographical relationships expressed by Dice-Sørensen and Simpson coefficients, we used both cluster analyses and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). For cluster analyses, we used the UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average) as an amalgamation rule, as it is considered the clustering strategy that minimizes the distortion of the original data matrix [125], and it is therefore favored in biogeographical research (e.g., [125][126][127][128][129][130][131]). Since the resulting dendrograms and bootstrap supports are affected by the order of the regions in the original matrix (especially when pairwise distance values are equal) [132,133], we adopted a procedure which re-samples the order in which areas are introduced in the analyses and creates consensus trees in bootstrap analysis [133].…”

Biogeographical Patterns of Earwigs in Italy

“…Most earwig diversity is concentrated in the tropical regions, whereas relatively few species inhabit the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere [ 2 ]. This has been interpreted as a result of the Gondwanan origin of earwigs, whose colonization of the Northern Hemisphere was largely hampered by unfavorable climate conditions and geological processes, such as the rising of the Himalayan range [ 3 ].…”