Historical contingency, geography and anthropogenic patterns of exposure drive the evolution of host switching in the<i>Blastocystis</i>species-complex

Wilcox, Justin; Lopez-Cotto, John J.; Hollocher, Hope

doi:10.1017/s003118202100055x

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Risk space is maximized along the habitat interfaces and is widely interconnected, becoming more so as a result of global climate change and anthropogenic forcing (e.g. [13,34,37,38,47]).…”

Section: Risk Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

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Food security and emerging infectious disease: risk assessment and risk management

et al. 2022

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Climate change, emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and food security create a dangerous nexus. Habitat interfaces, assumed to be efficient buffers, are being disrupted by human activities which in turn accelerate the movement of pathogens. EIDs threaten directly and indirectly availability and access to nutritious food, affecting global security and human health. In the next 70 years, food-secure and food-insecure countries will face EIDs driving increasingly unsustainable costs of production, predicted to exceed national and global gross domestic products. Our modern challenge is to transform this business as usual and embrace an alternative vision of the biosphere formalized in the Stockholm paradigm (SP). First, a pathogen-centric focus shifts our vision of risk space , determining how pathogens circulate in realized and potential fitness space. Risk space and pathogen exchange are always heightened at habitat interfaces. Second, apply the document-assess-monitor-act (DAMA) protocol developing strategic data for EID risk, to be translated, synthesized and broadcast as actionable information. Risk management is realized through targeted interventions focused around information exchanged among a community of scientists, policy practitioners of food and public health security and local populations. Ultimately, SP and DAMA protect human rights, supporting food security, access to nutritious food, health interventions and environmental integrity.

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“…Risk space is maximized along the habitat interfaces and is widely interconnected, becoming more so as a result of global climate change and anthropogenic forcing (e.g. [13,34,37,38,47]).…”

Section: Risk Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Stockholm paradigm (SP) resolves the parasite paradox and this fundamental confusion over apparent generalists and specialists [1,[34][35][36][37][38][39]. We have identified generalist pathogens historically as species associated with a broad range of hosts, but this is misleading.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food security and emerging infectious disease: risk assessment and risk management

et al. 2022

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“…Additionally, favorable climatic conditions, i.e., high humidity and warm temperature, increase the chance of transmission of Blastocystis spp. in tropical areas [ 31 , 32 ]. The Blastocystis spp.-infected patients are, in many cases, asymptomatic or generally experience mild symptoms, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence, bloating, constipation, and skin lesions [ 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Prevalence and Subtypes Distribution of Blastocystis spp. in Humans of Latin America: A Systematic Review

Fusaro,

Bernal,

Baldiris-Ávila

et al. 2024

TropicalMed

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Blastocystis spp. are among the few enteric parasites with a prevalence that can reach up to approximately 80% in communities of developing countries. This systematic review updates and summarizes available literature on the molecular prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis spp. in Latin American people. This work follows the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The literature revised covers from 1 January 2015 to 6 October 2023 in seven different scientific databases, and the material was selected through inclusion and exclusion criteria. According to data found in the 36 selected articles, the prevalence of Blastocystis spp. in Latin America ranged between 5.8% (Bolivian rural communities) and 94.0% (Colombian general public). Generally, genomic DNA was extracted from approximately 200 mg fecal sediments using commercial kits, such as the QIAamp Stool Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) or the Norgen Stool DNA Isolation Kit (Norgen Biotek Corporation, Thorold, ON, Canada). Subtype-specific primers (such as the couple of primers BhRDr–RD5) developed from unique sequences of the SSU rRNA gene were applied to Blastocystis subtyping. Ten specific subtypes (STs) were found as well as various mixed infections, and the most circulating Blastocystis STs were in the order ST3, ST1, ST2, and ST4. The most recent data about Blastocystis spp. molecular epidemiology and the STs in communities of Latin America are limited to studies from specific countries. Novel scientific data from the other countries are required to obtain a complete picture and truly understand the distribution and prevalence of Blastocystis spp. and the STs.

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Hookworm prevalence in ocelots in Costa Rica is inconsistent with spillover from domestic dogs despite high overlap

Vargas Soto,

Gostic,

Melnycky

et al. 2024

Ecosphere

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Spatial overlap between wildlife and related domestic animals can lead to disease transmission, with substantial evidence for viral and bacterial spillover. Domestic and wild animals can also share potentially harmful helminth parasites, many of which have environmental transmission stages that do not require direct contact between hosts. We used camera traps, fecal sampling, and mathematical modeling to evaluate the potential for hookworm parasites to spillover from domestic dogs to wild cats in the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. Traditional microscopy was found to be more sensitive than DNA‐based diagnostics for parasites, though the methods were complementary. We found high hookworm (Ancylostoma spp.) prevalence in domestic dogs (74.2%, 95% CI: 67.0%–80.7%, N = 155), and considerable spatial overlap with ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) and pumas (Puma concolor), particularly on trails and dirt roads. Pumas had hookworm prevalence of 36.4% (18.6%–57.2%, N = 22), and ocelots had 27.3% (7.6%–56.5%, N = 11); however, molecular identification of these parasites was inconclusive. We developed a macroparasite transmission model to infer the likelihood of spillover, compared with separate parasite cycles, or different parasite species in each host. According to the model, spillover of hookworm from dogs would lead to a prevalence of less than 10% in wild hosts. Low presumed compatibility between wild hosts and parasites adapted to domestic species limits the prevalence that could be reached in wild species, even under potentially higher overlap. The prevalence observed was more consistent with a model that assumes hookworms in wild cats in the Osa are a cat‐specific parasite. The combination of parasitology, molecular diagnostics, and mathematical modeling used here could complement wildlife disease monitoring programs worldwide to shed light on understudied helminth–host dynamics at the domestic–wild animal interface.

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Historical contingency, geography and anthropogenic patterns of exposure drive the evolution of host switching in theBlastocystisspecies-complex

Abstract: Abstract

Cited by 7 publications

References 79 publications

Food security and emerging infectious disease: risk assessment and risk management

Food security and emerging infectious disease: risk assessment and risk management

Molecular Prevalence and Subtypes Distribution of Blastocystis spp. in Humans of Latin America: A Systematic Review

Hookworm prevalence in ocelots in Costa Rica is inconsistent with spillover from domestic dogs despite high overlap

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