Historical Development of Bee ForagingPatterns in Central New York State

Ginsberg, Howard S.

doi:10.1155/1981/29040

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Other pollinators (e.g. multivoltine or social bees) can extend their life span or reproductive period if the flowering season is extended (87). A dramatic example of a population response to flowering is seen in thrips, which are the major pollinators of the Malaysian dipterocarps that flower together every 7-10 years (44).…”

Section: Floweringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenological Patterns of Terrestrial Plants

Rathcke¹,

Lacey²

1985

Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.

1,308

680

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The term phenology is derived from the Greek word phaino meaning to show or to appear. Hence, phenology is defined as the study of the seasonal timing of life cycle events. For plants the seasonal timing of such events can be critical to survival and reproduction. In agriculture the most common failure of introduced crops is the inability to adjust to the seasons imposed by the new, environment (68). In the past few years, interest in the ecology and evolution of timing of life cycle events has grown. Here we review the literature on phenological patterns of germination, flowering, and fruiting (including dispersal).The phenological pattern of any life cycle event can be quantitatively defined as a statistical distribution characterized by such parameters as time of occurrence (onset, mean, mode), duration (range), synchrony (variance), and skewness. For each life cycle event we discuss each parameter for which data are available. Because parameters at one level can contribute to parameters at higher levels, parameters are sometimes related. For example, the degree of synchrony within and among individuals can determine duration at the population level. Therefore, we discuss phenological patterns at the levels of individuals, populations, species, and communities. Also, we use the word phenology in its strict sense of seasonal timing within years; and we address variation among years only when it pertains to the discussion of within-year patterns.The purpose of this review is to present hypotheses about possible evolutionary causes and consequences of different phenological patterns and to discuss the evidence for each hypothesis. We also briefly summarize information about the environmental and genetic controls of timing because these are the proximate factors that can influence the evolution of phenological patterns. We divide our review into four sections. The first three address germination, flowering, and fruiting separately. Each section covers possible selective factors, proximate environmental cues, and genetic determinants of different phenological parameters. The last section focuses on the relationships of germination, flowering, and fruiting, to the whole life cycle of the plant. Here we address possible ecological and evolutionary constraints that may direct the evolution of all life cycle events.Space prevents an exhaustive literature review, particularly of descriptive studies, so we mention representative studies and reviews that provide the reader access to additional literature. We do not address phenological patterns of leaf production (43,146) or the specific methodologies for collecting and analyzing phenological data (151, 194, 20 1). GERMINATIONThe seedling stage is the most vulnerable time in the life cycle of a plant (10 1). Mortality is often severe because small seedlings have minimal capacity for homeostatic responses or physiological retrenchment in the face of unfavorable abiotic or biotic conditions (10). Therefore, the timing of germination should be under strong selection to occu...

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Section: Floweringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenological Patterns of Terrestrial Plants

Rathcke¹,

Lacey²

1985

Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.

1,308

680

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“…Nos Estados Unidos, destacam-se os trabalhos de PEARSON (1933) na região de Chicago; MOLDENKE (1976), que realiza comparações entre a região da Califórnia e Chile; GINSBERG (1981GINSBERG ( , 1983, que analisa tendênci-as de visita às flores por algumas espécies de Apoidea, de áreas localizadas em Nova York e LAROCA (1983), que aborda aspectos biocenóticos de três localidades de Lawrence, Kansas, comparando-os com dados obtidos no leste do Paraná, Brasil.…”

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“…Estudos indicam que a fauna de abelhas da região de Nova York, EUA (GINSBERG, 1981) e de Hamburgo, Alemanha (TSHARNTKE, 1984), por exemplo, sofreram modificações em decorrência de atividades humanas. A degradação e destruição de habitats, bem como a introdução de muitas colônias de Apis mellifera, por exemplo, ameaçam deslocar e até mesmo conduzir à extinção várias espécies de abelhas (WILLIAMS, CORBET & OSBORNE, 1991).…”

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A associação de abelhas silvestres de um biótopo urbano de Curitiba (Brasil), com comparações espaço-temporais: abundância relativa, fenologia, diversidade e explotação de recursos (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

Taura¹,

Laroca²

2001

ABPar

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“…22 This report indicates a possible adaptation of bees to their locally available flora as was previously reported. 23 The few available studies, together with the high floristic and bee diversity and endemism in South Africa, highlight the need for further studies into the diversity of bee interactions with plant species -studies that are needed to elucidate floral choice patterns within South African bee populations.…”

Section: Bees As Pollinatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollination: Impact, role-players, interactions and study – A South African perspective

Gous¹,

Willows‐Munro²,

Eardley³

et al. 2017

S. Afr. J. Sci.

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Plant-pollinator interactions are essential for maintaining both pollinator and plant communities in native and agricultural environments. Animal-instigated pollination can be complex. Plants are usually visited by a number of different animal species, which in turn may visit flowers of several plant species. Therefore, the identification of the pollen carried by flower visitors is an essential first step in pollination biology. The skill and time required to identify pollen based on structure and morphology has been a major stumbling block in this field. Advances in the genetic analysis of DNA, using DNA barcoding, extracted directly from pollen offers an innovative alternative to traditional methods of pollen identification. This technique, which is reviewed in detail, can be used on pollen loads sampled from bees in the field and from specimens in historic collections. Here the importance of pollination, the role-players involved, their management and the evolution of their interactions, behaviour and morphology are reviewed -with a special focus on South African bees. Significance:• Pollen metabarcoding will enable the identification of pollen for a multitude of uses, including agriculture, conservation and forensics.• Plant-pollinator interaction documentation through pollen identification gives a more certain record of a visitor being a pollinator rather than a flower visitor that could be a nectar gatherer.

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Historical Development of Bee ForagingPatterns in Central New York State

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Phenological Patterns of Terrestrial Plants

Phenological Patterns of Terrestrial Plants

A associação de abelhas silvestres de um biótopo urbano de Curitiba (Brasil), com comparações espaço-temporais: abundância relativa, fenologia, diversidade e explotação de recursos (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

Pollination: Impact, role-players, interactions and study – A South African perspective

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