“…In this approach, the environment is conceptualized as a landscape, which is the outcome of the interaction of human activity, abiotic (or physico-chemical) factors, and biotic factors (e.g., flora, fauna, and fungi). Thus, humans are historical agents of change that produce a second nature, landscape palimpsests (manuscripts on which more successive texts have been written), which are the accumulation of humanly induced, as well as abiotically and biotically induced, change over thousands to tens of thousands of years (the longue dureé) (Crumley, 2022). Historical ecologists have demonstrated empirically that intermediate scale "disturbances" can result in changes in biota that persist over the longue dureé (Baleé, 2006).…”