Historical Perspective and Overview

Wharfe, Jim

doi:10.1002/9781444305531.ch1

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The biological activity of a carbamate was first reported by European missionaries in West Africa in the 19 th century. There a local tribe was using a white extract from Calabar beans (Physostigma venenosum) as an ordeal poison in witchcraft trials (36). These beans were imported to Great Britain in 1840, and in 1864, Jobst and Hesse isolated an active alkaloid component they named physostigmine (37).…”

Section: Carbamates As Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbamate group as structural motif in drugs: a review of carbamate derivatives used as therapeutic agents

Matošević

Bosak

2020

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Due to their very good chemical and proteolytic stability, ability to penetrate cell membranes, and resemblance to a peptide bond, carbamate derivatives have received much attention in recent years and got an important role in modern drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. Today, carbamates make structural and/or functional part of many drugs and prodrugs approved and marketed for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, epilepsy, hepatitis C, HIV infection, and Alzheimer’s disease. In drugs they can play a role in drug-target interaction or improve the biological activity of parent molecules. In prodrugs they are mainly used to delay first-pass metabolism and enhance the bioavailability and effectiveness of compounds. This brief review takes a look at the properties and use of carbamates in various fields of medicine and provides quick insights into the mechanisms of action for some of them.

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Section: Carbamates As Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbamate group as structural motif in drugs: a review of carbamate derivatives used as therapeutic agents

Matošević

Bosak

2020

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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“…The mass production and use of chemicals, and the human dependence on them, causes the continuous enormous release of numerous hazardous substances into the natural environment [1], especially aquatic ecosystems [2]. Soluble silicates are a class of synthetic compounds produced in large amounts worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotoxicological Effects of Sodium Metasilicate on Two Hydra Species, Hydra viridissima Pallas, 1766 and Hydra oligactis Pallas, 1766

Kovačević,

Gračan,

Gottstein

2023

Water

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Sodium metasilicate (SM) is a synthetic hazardous water-soluble salt used in industry as an active ingredient in household cleaning products. The impact of SM on the aquatic environment has been discussed worldwide, but its toxicity has not been well documented and researched. Studies have only been performed on a handful of aquatic organisms: algae, plants, blackworms, water fleas, dipteran larvae, and two fish species. Hydra is a simple freshwater cnidarian with diploblastic organisation, where all the cells are in permanent contact with the surrounding aqueous media, and represents a sensitive model organism for environmental toxicity assessments. This research aimed to determine and compare the effect of SM on the morphology, excitability, and behaviour of green and brown hydra and endosymbiotic microalgae as a microbiome of green hydra. The hydras were treated with four sublethal SM concentrations (0.050, 0.365, 0.380, and 0.390 g/L) for 72 h. Standard preparations were made for the cyto-histological analysis of green hydra, and damaged cellular layers and mesoglea and a changed distribution of microalgae were recorded. The SM caused muted responses to mechanical stimuli and damage to the tentacles in both hydra species. The changes were more pronounced in brown hydra, while green hydra showed better adaptability to unfavourable environmental conditions.

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“…Nowadays the "environmental safe levels" are derived by taking into account the ecotoxicity of the substance, its persistence, and its ability to bioaccumulate. They should also include a broad scope of effects such as mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive impairment [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioassays Currently Available for Evaluating the Biological Potency of Pharmaceuticals in Treated Wastewater

Vasquez

Michael²,

Kümmerer

et al. 2015

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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Water deprivation with regard to quantity and quality is one of the most important environmental problems of the century. The increasing demand of water resources puts pressure on the utilization of alternative sources such as treated wastewater. In the context of "reduce, reuse, and recycle," the inclusion of treated wastewater in the water cycle seems a promising practice for water management. The lack of general acceptance of stakeholders and public, however, still hinders the widespread application of wastewater reuse. A reason for this is, among others, the presence of contaminants of emerging concern in treated wastewater. This has led to an increased concern about direct and indirect effects to the environment and possible implications to human health. The development and application of bioassays able to identify and quantify the biological potency of treated wastewater is an ongoing research effort, especially when taking into consideration that a plethora of contaminants exist and interact in this complex matrix. This chapter summarizes available literature regarding the sensitivity of currently applied bioassays for assessing biological effects of treated wastewater and their correlation with chemical analysis. The focus is on pharmaceuticals since they represent one of the major groups of contaminants of emerging concern with many unanswered questions currently in place.

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Historical Perspective and Overview

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Carbamate group as structural motif in drugs: a review of carbamate derivatives used as therapeutic agents

Carbamate group as structural motif in drugs: a review of carbamate derivatives used as therapeutic agents

Ecotoxicological Effects of Sodium Metasilicate on Two Hydra Species, Hydra viridissima Pallas, 1766 and Hydra oligactis Pallas, 1766

Bioassays Currently Available for Evaluating the Biological Potency of Pharmaceuticals in Treated Wastewater

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