Historical Population-Level Impact of Infant 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13) National Immunization Programs on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Australia, Canada, England and Wales, Israel, and the United States

Abstract

Introduction: This study estimates the annual population-level impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) infant national immunization programs (NIPs) on vaccine-type and non-vaccine type invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence across all ages using national surveillance data. Methods: We identified countries (Australia, Canada, England and Wales, Israel, and the US) with national IPD active surveillance data that introduced the seven-valent PCV (PCV7) followed by PCV13, which also reported annual serotype-and age group-specific incidence. We extracted IPD incidence by serotype groupings [PCV13 minus PCV7 (PCV13-7) serotypes;

Cost-effectiveness of PCV20 to Prevent Pneumococcal Disease in the Pediatric Population: A German Societal Perspective Analysis

“…Direct effects were estimated from different sources using PCV13 and PCV7 studies, given no studies have measured the effectiveness of PCV15 or PCV20 against pneumococcal disease outcomes. Differential herd effects were not modeled based on a PCV schedule but have been observed in countries that have implemented PCV13 in infant national immunization programs (i.e., increase in disease reduction under a 3+1 vs. 2+1) [ 26 , 69 ]. There are potential confounding factors, such as the rate of reduction and time to stabilization of IPD incidence across age groups and countries may be associated with multiple factors, including vaccine uptake, implementation of a catch-up program, duration of PCV use, availability of an adult pneumococcal vaccination program, serotypes in circulation, and general epidemiologic variability.…”

“… IPD invasive pneumococcal disease, PCV pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, QALY quality-adjusted life year a Estimates were informed by IPD surveillance data from [ 7 ], comparing PCV13 minus PCV7 serotypes (excluding serotype 3) in PCV7 period (2010) to post-PCV13 (2011–2017). Year 6 of the PCV13 infant program was chosen as the steady-state year per [ 69 ] b 100% indicates that the maximum incidence reductions have been achieved and a steady state was established c For children, data from [ 73 ] were adjusted for IPD serotype distribution as reported in [ 81 ] at the time of PCV13 introduction in 2009. For adults, data from [ 74 ] were adjusted for IPD serotype distribution as reported in [ 7 ] at the time of PCV13 introduction in 2009 d Data from Lau et al, 2015 were adjusted for IPD serotype distribution as reported in [ 7 ] at the time of PCV13 introduction in 2009 e The vaccinated rate was 23.3% for ≥ 60 group.…”

“…a Estimates were informed by IPD surveillance data from [ 7 ], comparing PCV13 minus PCV7 serotypes (excluding serotype 3) in PCV7 period (2010) to post-PCV13 (2011–2017). Year 6 of the PCV13 infant program was chosen as the steady-state year per [ 69 ]…”

Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pediatric Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from inpatients and outpatients at Beijing Children's Hospital

“…Serotypes 19F and 19A were prevalent in both inpatient and outpatient isolates. These two serotypes are very common in invasive pneumococcal diseases 11 , 12 , 13 , suggesting that they may frequently cause severe pneumococcal infections. Moreover, these two serotypes also exhibited high levels of antibiotic resistance.…”

Estimating the Clinical and Economic Impact of Switching from the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13) to Higher-Valent Options in Greek Infants

“…Vaccination is the most effective strategy for preventing pneumococcal disease, and the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in pediatric national immunization programs (NIPs) has resulted in significant impact against vaccine serotypes from widespread use [ 5 ]. Countries throughout Europe have observed substantial declines in IPD, pneumonia, and OM incidence in both vaccinated and unvaccinated populations following the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. In Greece, PCV13 was included in the pediatric NIP as of June 2010 in a 3 + 1 dosing schedule, with PCV13 catch-up vaccination also recommended in the NIP for all children aged less than 60 months and previously vaccinated with PCV7.…”