Historicizing and Theorizing Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Racism

Bakali, Naved

doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-779-5_2

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Education programs incorporating lived experience may both enhance an understanding of the Sikh religion and address racism ( Woods-Jaeger et al, 2023 ). Indeed, programs including lived experience have been employed previously to address Islamophobia ( Bakali, 2016 ). The focus on education and understanding is consistent with research documenting compassionate responses to Sikh-based racism and a commitment to act as ambassadors of Sikhism ( Ahluwalia & Pellettiere, 2010 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lived Experience of Racism in the Sikh Community

Brewer,

Singh,

Lyons

2023

J Interpers Violence

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The Sikh community may be more visible and vulnerable to racism than other religious groups, and previous research has documented the racism targeted at Sikh men and women in the United States. Relatively few studies have, however, addressed the racism experienced by Sikh communities in other countries, where racism may be less closely connected to the events of 9/11. The present study investigates the lived experience of racism in Sikh adults living in the United Kingdom. Six participants (5 male, 1 female) aged 19 to 30 years ( M = 24.17, SD = 3.98) were recruited via advertisements placed on social media. Both Amritdhari Sikhs ( n = 4) who had undertaken the Amrit Sanskar initiation ceremony or commitment and Sahajdhari Sikhs ( n = 2) who had not undertaken the initiation participated. Semi-structured interviews were conducted (totaling 372 minutes of interview data), covering a range of subjects including personal experiences of racism and subsequent responses to the racist abuse. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of the interview transcripts identified five superordinate themes. These were (1) Appearance and Visibility; (2) Inevitability and Normalization; (3) Coping and Conformity (Religion as Support, Fitting In, Internalization); (4) Education and Understanding; and (5) Bystander Behavior (Experiences of Intervention, Religious Duty to Intervene, Consequences of Intervention). Findings highlight the extent to which racism occurs and the increased vulnerability of the Sikh community (e.g., appearance being the focus of racist abuse). Findings also highlight the importance of religion as a source of support and cultural pride and the significance of education and bystander behavior. Future research should further investigate these themes and introduce interventions to support the safety and well-being of members of the Sikh community experiencing racist abuse.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lived Experience of Racism in the Sikh Community

Brewer,

Singh,

Lyons

2023

J Interpers Violence

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“…The conflictual relationship started as early as the seventh century when Muslim armies conquered key cultural and religious sites, including the holy city of Jerusalem. Islam was perceived as a major threat for Christianity by the Catholic Church (Bakali, 2016).…”

Section: Case Study: Right Wing Pvv and Fvdmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Making of the Licitness of Right-Wing Rhetoric: A Case Study of Digital Media in the Netherlands

Missier

2022

Sage Open

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In the Netherlands, the challenges of the multicultural society are high on the political agenda. At present 24.4% of the Dutch population has an immigration background of which 13.9% has a non-western migration background and almost 50% of all the people with a migration background are second-generation migrants born in the Netherlands. However, today’s Dutch multicultural society is associated with a complex range of challenges linked with cultural and religious diversity. This article investigates how news media in the Netherlands facilitated the making of the licitness of xenophobic rhetoric of the two main Dutch populist right-wing parties Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) and Forum voor Democratie (FvD) during the Provincial Elections in March 2019. I conclude that these rising political extremist movements dominate the immigration debate and are accountable for the making of the licit social resentment against particularly non-western immigrants.

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“…In the context of the ‘war on terror’, a broader metanarrative of Islamophobia has emerged, transcending global North and South barriers. 18 Since the onset of the ‘war on terror’, one of the more prominent allegorical figures that has emerged globally is that of the ‘dangerous Muslim man’. 19 The dangerous Muslim man is an archetype of Muslim men who are framed as being a misogynistic threat, prone to engage in terrorism and violent extremist activities.…”

Section: Understanding Islamophobia and Its Significance In The ‘War ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Islamophobia in Myanmar: the Rohingya genocide and the ‘war on terror’

Bakali¹

2021

Race & Class

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This article analyses the Rohingya genocide of August 2017. The accusation of genocide has been denied by the state of Myanmar, but what is demonstrated here is how the phenomenon of Islamophobia – anti-Muslim racism – informed, sanctioned and culminated in a genocide whose consequences are ongoing. Islamophobia has generally been understood to relate to the ‘othering’ of Muslims in settler societies and the nations of the global North, as documented by critical race, postcolonial and feminist scholars, with much of the current discourse on it structured around the ‘war on terror’. But increasingly, it has also come to encompass systemic racism and anti-Muslim violence in the global South, with, in Myanmar, the ‘war on terror’ used to sanitise more recent violence against the Rohingya. This article examines both structural Islamophobia, and the Islamophobia of private actors in Myanmar, in particular the powerful Buddhist extremist movement. It demonstrates that the co-dependent relationship between structural and private Islamophobia since military rule in Myanmar, in the absence of a strong and unified resistance, contributed to the genocide. Moreover, the troubling logic used to defend state-sponsored violence and killing in Myanmar bears a number of similarities to Islamophobic trajectories in other spaces of the global South in the context of the ‘war on terror’.

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Historicizing and Theorizing Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Racism

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

The Lived Experience of Racism in the Sikh Community

The Lived Experience of Racism in the Sikh Community

The Making of the Licitness of Right-Wing Rhetoric: A Case Study of Digital Media in the Netherlands

Islamophobia in Myanmar: the Rohingya genocide and the ‘war on terror’

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