“…Biometrics, which refers to identifying an individual based on his or her physiological or behavioral characteristics, is inherently more reliable and more capable in differentiating between an authorized person and a fraudulent imposter than traditional methods such as knowledge-based [password or personal identification number (PIN)] and token-based [passport or driver license]. Among all biometric traits, fingerprints have one of the highest levels of reliability [1] and have been extensively used by forensic experts in criminal investigations [2], so designing an automatic fingerprint identification system (AFIS) with high accuracy has very important significance.…”