History and eradication of smallpox in Turkey

Yenen, Osman Şadi

doi:10.1071/ma14054

Cited by 4 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In just the empire's capital city Istanbul, records establish events from the early eighteenth through the early twentieth centuries. According to one source, notable epidemics struck the city in 1701, 1706, 1825, 1845, 1871, and 1877–1878, along with lesser occurrences in 1881, 1887, 1890, 1891, 1894, 1908, 1909, and 1923 [ Yenen, 2014 ]. Prompted by one outbreak—and decades before promulgation of anything approaching a universal law, the empire prepared society with institutions and instruction devoted to medical science and public health.…”

Section: Normalizing and Facilitating Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With another imperial ferman in 1892, its director worked to establish the Telkihhane-i Şahane (“Imperial Vaccination Center”) to both improve health and lessen imports. It manufactured rather small volumes of the vaccine; in 1902, less than 28,000 vaccines were produced for all the empire's provinces [ Ünver, 1948 , Yildirim, 2010 , Yenen, 2014 ]. By 1898, the center added a school to train people in vaccination and later expanded to include minor surgery, circumcision, and midwifery [ Ünver, 1948 ; Yenen, 2014 ].…”

Section: Normalizing and Facilitating Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It manufactured rather small volumes of the vaccine; in 1902, less than 28,000 vaccines were produced for all the empire's provinces [ Ünver, 1948 , Yildirim, 2010 , Yenen, 2014 ]. By 1898, the center added a school to train people in vaccination and later expanded to include minor surgery, circumcision, and midwifery [ Ünver, 1948 ; Yenen, 2014 ]. While later regional centers were envisioned, these never materialized.…”

Section: Normalizing and Facilitating Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mandating immunity in the Ottoman Empire: A history of public health education and compulsory vaccination

Evered

2020

Heliyon

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Histories of medicine and vaccinology routinely reference the Ottoman Empire with regard to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, her children's variolation, and the transmission of this knowledge throughout Britain and thereafter Europe. Few, however, follow the empire's ongoing relationship with vaccination after the Montagu family's departure. This article examines this aspect of Ottoman medical history by noting how Jenner's advances diffused back into the empire and then presenting and analyzing how imperial, medical, and even community leaders began to both educationally condition the population and gradually enact legislation that mandated vaccination. Owing to severe infrastructural, personnel, and financial deficits, instability, and popular fears and trepidation, the empire's aspirations to achieve universal vaccination were far from realized by the time of its early 1920s demise-especially throughout largely rural Anatolia. Ottoman institutional, educational, and legislative advances, however, collectively prepared the ground for the succeeding Turkish republic and its public health agenda. Given the republic's promotion of its efforts to modernize Turkey amid its mutual initiatives of nationbuilding, the empire's histories of providing this foundation are also sometimes overlooked.

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Section: Normalizing and Facilitating Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Normalizing and Facilitating Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Normalizing and Facilitating Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mandating immunity in the Ottoman Empire: A history of public health education and compulsory vaccination

Evered

2020

Heliyon

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“…Tarihte tüm dünyayı etkileyerek birçok kişinin (özellikle de çocukların) ölümüne neden olan en eski ve önemli hastalıklardan biri çiçek hastalığıdır. Aşının ortaya çıkışının temeli olması ve ilk keşfedilen aşının, çiçek aşısı olması nedeniyle bu hastalık aşı tarihinde önemli bir yere sahiptir (3)(4)(5) . Çiçek hastalığının (smallpox) ne zaman ortaya çıktığı ve kökeni kesin bir şekilde bilinmemektedir.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

History of Vaccination and vaccine production in Türkiye: From past to present

Demirden¹,

Alptekin²,

Geboloğlu³

et al. 2022

Turk Mikrobiyol Cemiy Derg

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Aşılar keşfedildikleri tarihten itibaren günümüze kadar hastalıkların meydana gelmeden önlenmesi için en etkili yöntemlerden biridir. Aşılar toplum sağlığının korunması ile birlikte özellikle yeni doğan bireyler için ölümcül birçok hastalığa karşı bağışıklığın oluşturulması için kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye, dünya tarihinde aşıların keşfedilmesi ve uygulanması sürecinde oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Dünya aşı tarihine bakıldığında, özellikle Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminden itibaren Türkiye'nin hem aşı uygulamaları hem de hem aşı üretimi bağlamında tüm dünyada öncül bir devlet olduğu görülmektedir. Türkiye tarihinde, yapılan bilimsel keşifler eşliğinde çok farklı hastalıklara karşı aşı üretim çalışmaları Osmanlı döneminde başlamış ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kurulmasından sonra da devam etmiştir. Böylelikle, tarihte keşfedilen ilk aşı olan çiçek aşısı da dâhil olmak üzere birçok aşı yakın geçmişe kadar ülkemizde üretilmiş olup, hem ulusal hem de uluslararası pazara sunulmuştur. Bu derlemede, dünya aşı tarihine paralel olarak Türkiye'de modern aşının gelişim evreleri, ülke tarihinde gerçekleştirilen aşı uygulamaları ve çeşitli hastalıklara karşı gerçekleştirilen aşı üretimleri kronolojik sıraya göre anlatılmıştır.

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“…Many scholars believe that Timonis was the first to study it. At first, the Turks rejected the method, but later the Ottoman authorities embraced it and implemented general variolation programs(40)(41)(42).Vaccination of the population appears to have been organized and massive, beginning during the Ottoman Empire and culminating in the 19th to 20th centuries[37].Greek newspapers of the time both inGreek territory and in areas of the Ottoman Empire (the Istanbul's "Postman" and the Macedonian "Thessaloniki") extensively covered the vaccination programs, while physicians of the time had developed the appropriate inoculation tools (Figure 2c). In addition to physicians of Greek descent, many Ottoman physicians used the variolation technique, such as Mustafa Behcet Efendi (1774-1834) (Figure 4a) in 1801, who also translated Jenner's work from Italian to Turkish, Sanizade Mehmed Ataullah Efendi (1771-1826) (Figure 4b) in 1811 and Hekim Ismail Pasa (1807-1880) (Figure 4c) in 1845, who came from Chios and served as Sultan Abdülmecid's chief surgeon and personal physician [8].…”

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confidence: 99%