History of barley (Hordeum vulgare) in Central Europe according to archaeobotanical findings.

Kernel Weights of Triticum, Hordeum, Avena, Secale and Panicum Species can be used for Better Estimation of Importance of Different Cereal Species in Archaeobotanical Assemblages

“…Since the start of agriculture in the European Neolithic up to Roman Times, the main cereals were hulled wheats, diploid Triticum monococcum (einkorn, 2n=14, Zaharieva, Monneveux 2014) and tetraploid T. dicoccum (emmer, 2n=28, Kreuz et al 2005;Zaharieva et al 2010). Since the Neolithic or Bronze age, respectively, hulled and naked Hordeum vulgare (barley) together with Panicum milliaceum (common millet) were also commonly planted, and T. dicoccum was still the main staple crop (Hajnalová 1993;Bernardová et al 2010;Šálková et al 2012;Festi et al 2011;Zohary et al 2012;. Hexaploid wheat species such as hulled T. spelta (spelt, 2n = 42) and naked T. aestivum (baker wheat, 2n = 42) appeared in central Europe from the Late Bronze Age (Beneš, Přikrylová 2008;Kočár, Dreslerová 2010).…”