“…Cummins in the department of Medical Engineering at Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom in 1989, this was a two-piece, metal-on-metal, stainless steel, ball-and-socket design. 13 Other devices with ongoing investigational device exemption trials in various stages include the PCM artificial disc (Nuvasive, San Diego, CA), the Mobi-C disc (LDR Spine, Austin, TX), the SECURE-C disc (Globus Medical, Audubon, PA), the Kineflex-C disc (Spinal Motion, Mountain View, CA), the Discover disc (Depuy Spine, Raynham, MA), and the NeoDisc (Nuvasive, San Diego, CA). 22 High complication rates and hardware failures led to a redesign, and the results of the new Frenchay cervical disc were published in 2002.…”